Allmark-Kent 103
big trout’s world was the flat surface of Golden Pool. From the unknown
place beyond that sky there came to his eyes but moving shadows,
arrangements of light and dark. He could not see out and through into
the air unobstructedly, as one looks forth from a window into the world.
Most of these moving shadows he understood very well. When broad
and vague, they did not, as a rule, greatly interest him; but when they got
small, and sharply black, he knew they might at any instant break
through and splash and become real, coloured things, probably good to
eat. (27-8)
By contrasting these different perceptions of the pool,
Roberts explores the
specific world-as-experienced by a trout. He also indicates the unique
perspective of this
individual
trout by demonstrating that he makes choices and
has opinions. Sensory perception combines with prior knowledge to enable
intelligent analysis; he knows what’s
good to eat
and he knows what to ignore.
Roberts
’ use of “good” suggests that this
trout has preferences, that he prefers
to eat some things more than others, and that they may taste
good
too (28).
There is also a balance here between the familiar and the unfamiliar
—a
nonhuman perspective that is both ‘alien’ and knowable. Likewise, in
Animal
Heroes
(1905), Seton uses the story of “Badlands Billy” to blend scientific
knowledge and imaginative speculation:
A Dog would have trotted right up to the carcass, an old-time Wolf might
have done so, but constant war had developed constant vigilance in the
Yellow Wolf, and trusting nothing and no one but her nose, she slacked
her speed to a walk. On coming in easy view she stopped, and for long
swung her nose, submitting the wind to the closest possible chemical
analysis. She tried with her finest tests, blew all the membranes
clean
again and tried it ones more; and this was the report of the trusty nostrils,
yes, the unanimous report. First, rich and racy smell of Calf, seventy per
cent; smell of grass, bugs, wood, flowers, trees, sand, and other
uninteresting negations, fifteen per cent.; smell of her Cub and herself,
positive but ignorable, ten per cent.; smell of smoke, one per cent.; of
sweaty leather smell, one per cent.; of human body-scent (not discernible
in some samples), one-half per cent.; smell of iron, a trace. (126-7)
In describing this sensory experience of a dead calf’s body, Seton depicts his
protagonist as both
an animal
and
an individual
. Her perception is unlike a
human’s but it is also unlike that of a dog or even another wolf. Her unique
Allmark-Kent 104
perspective has been gained through learned experience and interpretation of
sensory input. Her decision not to approach the calf is based on her ability to
both recall information and predict consequences. Hence, Seton does not just
convey what it might be like to be
a
wolf; he explores the individual
reality of
this
specific wolf
.
Shapiro and Copeland assert that one function of zoocentric literary
analysis is to evaluate “the degree to which the author presents the animal ‘in
itself,’ both as an experiencing individual and as a species-typical way of living
in the world” (345). Both the wolf and the trout demonstrate species-specific
sensory perceptions. They can differentiate between different input they receive
and know that certain shapes or smells relate to specific beings or objects.
Based on their individual experiences and preferences, each can use this
sensory information to
choose
how best to proceed. Thus, it
is clear that, in the
words of Roberts, both writers are
building upon “a substantial foundation of
known facts” to explore the “unknown world” of an individual animal’s
perspective (
Kindred
24). It is worth noting, here, that Seton tends to restrict his
speculations to species he can observe first-hand, mostly birds and mammals.
Whereas, Roberts explores the unique experiences of an array of species, from
an ant to a giant squid. As
I will demonstrate below, I believe that these
differences may be due
to Roberts’ treatment of the genre as a series of
zoocentric thought-experiments
and Seton’s desire to campaign on behalf of
Dostları ilə paylaş: