Allmark-Kent 105
avoid humans and human settlement, maintaining a separate and independent
existence (insofar as they are able to) in their own shrinking habitats or
territories” (156). Whist this does not apply to all the individuals or all the
species depicted in the wild animal story, it
does emphasize the
autonomy
of
wildness. It indicates an
intention
, a desire to maintain independence and resist
captivity.
For most wild animal protagonists, their autonomy is evident in their very
existence. Yet Seton
’s and Roberts’ narratives continually reinforce the wild
animal’s need for self-determination. Even Seton’s more anthropocentric
stories
in
Wild Animals I Have Known
emphasize the wild independence of his semi-
domesticated companions. Indeed, the narrative of the captured wild animal
who attempts to regain freedom is common in both of their work. For instance,
in Seton’s
Lives of the Hunted
(1901), when Randy, a captive sparrow, is
accidentally released from his cage, he escapes through a window and
“readily”
accepts
the “new condition of freedom” (
Hunted
133). With little memory of his
life before capture, the sparrow is relatively comfortable in captivity. With
freedom, however, his quality of life improves dramatically and within a week he
is “almost as wild as any of his kin (113). It seems that, given the opportunity,
Seton
’s and Roberts’ animals almost always choose independence. In Roberts’
“The Return to the Trails” from
Watchers
, a bear
is captured as a cub and
brought up to perform in a circus. He is
possessed of a “fierce restlessness” and
“vague longing,” which is heightened when a “faint fragrance” that would be
“imperceptive to nostrils less sensitive than his” draws down from the “spruce-
clad hills” of his home (49-50). Like Randy, the bear reacts as soon as his chain
is momentarily unclasped; he knocks down the trainer and is
soon back
amongst the “spicy glooms of the spruce woods” (51).
Allmark-Kent 106
Roberts’ captive animals often struggle for freedom and autonomy,
although this is taken a stage
further in “The Homesickness of Kehonka.” A
goose raised in captivity watches the yearly migrating flocks of his species and
feels the urge to join them each time. When his
“clipped wing-primaries”
eventually begin to re-develop, however,
he manages to attain “an inch or so of
effective flying web” and forgets “his captivity and clipped wing” (130-2).
Inevitably, he struggles to keep pace with the other geese:
He would not lag behind. Every force of his body and his brain went into
that flight, till his eyes blurred and his heart
seemed on the point of
bursting. Then, suddenly, with a faint, despairing note, he lurched aside,
shot downward, and fell with a great splash into the channel of the
Trantramar. With strong wings, and level, unpausing flight, the flock went
on to its North without him. (135)
It is u
nclear whether the force of Kehonka’s determination lies in his
decision
to
join the rest of his
species or an
instinctual
drive to migrate. Both explanations
have profound implications
for Roberts’ depiction of animal autonomy.
Nonetheless, the combination of the tragic narrative and the goose’s
desperation offer powerful criticisms of wild animal captivity. Indeed, these
stories are highly reminiscent of
Henry Salt’s condemnation of the ways in
which “we draft [wild animals] from their native haunts, warp
the whole purpose
of their lives, and degrade them to the level of pets, or curiosities, or labour-
saving automatons” (53). When understood in this way, it becomes increasingly
difficult to maintain anthropocentric illusions that the animal
eventually accepts
and prefers their
‘comfortable’ imprisonment. Although these escape narratives
can become rather exaggerated at times
, the nonhuman individual’s ability to
resist and evade their human captors contributes to an impression of nonhuman
autonomy that challenges our expectations. Moreover, the
individual’s struggle
for independence and autonomy epitomizes the wild animal story’s depiction of
protagonists who live to satisfy
their own needs
, rather than those of humans.