CHAPTER FOUR
WILD ANIMALS AND NATURE FAKERS
By re-contextualizing the wild animal story in the previous chapter, I will
now be able to provide a re-interpretation of the genre. Through the framework
of practical zoocriticism, I will consider each of the wild animal story
characteristics I have identified in relation to ‘literature,’ ‘advocacy,’ and
‘science.’ For coherence, I will attempt to discuss these features individually
using examples from Seton
’s and Roberts’ stories. It is impossible to separate
them entirely, however, as some characteristics operate in conjunction with
others.
Literature
In the previous chapter I argued that, in nineteenth-century Canadian
literature, animals appeared most often as
objects
of utility, for example as a
‘natural resource.’ Whether as the trophy of a hunt or an anthropomorphic
character in a moral tale for children, there was little engagement with the
animal
as an animal
. Even when represented as an
individual,
the animal
usually appeared in relation to humans, often as a companion or assistant who
lacked their own
autonomy.
Thus, I contend that the
zoocentrism
of the wild
animal story may be its most significant contribution to Canadian literature. Prior
to Seton and Roberts, efforts to represent animals as
animals
, as
individuals
,
and as beings who were independent and
autonomous
from humans, seems to
have been negligible.
In “Toward a Critical Theory of Animal Issues in Fiction,” Shapiro and
Copeland question what roles exist for animals in literature, other than as
symbol or reductive object (344). They offer a zoocentric alternative:
Allmark-Kent 101
An animal could appear as him or herself
—as an individual with some
measure of autonomy, agency, voice, character, and as a member of a
species with a nature that has certain typical capabilities and limitations.
Of course, there are problems with knowing an animal in this way but,
like any other critical position, the degree to which an animal is presented
true to himself or herself is an evaluative ideal. (344)
I suggest, then, that the wild animal story’s fantasy of knowing the animal
constitutes just such an alternative. Yes, these depictions
are
a fantasy, but
they also
demonstrate a sincere attempt to “empathize with the world-as-
experienced by that animal” (345). It is worth noting, again, Sandlos’ description
of this creative objective:
At the root, this is the unique innovation of these early Canadian animal
stories: a realist depiction of nature as
a living terrain that contains many
living, breathing, and interacting subjects
, as opposed to a purely
imaginative nature that emphasizes picturesque or sublime qualities, as
with the eighteenth-century landscape tradition, or one that emphasizes
the creative experience of the human observer, as is common with
Romantic literature. (
Fur and Feathers
78-9, emphasis added)
Here, however, he omits a vital component of this “realist depiction.” I believe
that an e
qually significant aspect is the authors’ attempt to engage with science.
As Roberts observes in his preface to
Kindred
, books like
Black Beauty
and
Beautiful Joe
“have done a great service” in promoting animal welfare, but “their
psychology is human” (27). It is crucial that we do not neglect the “framework of
natural science” (24) upon which Seton and Roberts attempted to create their
zoocentric narratives.
In this section I will consider the ways in which Seton and Roberts
express the animality, individuality, and autonomy of their nonhuman
protagonists. As I have stated above, I will endeavour to discuss them in
separation as individual characteristics of the genre, although some crossover
is inevitable.
Allmark-Kent 102
Dostları ilə paylaş: |