Time in the Teachings of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi



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Shulhan ‘arukh
that the woman should 
light the Sabbath candles by way of punishment, for she “extinguished the candle of 
the world and was given the commandment of lightning the Sabbath candle in order 
165
See MAHZ 
5572
, 151, and Wolfson, “Nequddat ha-Reshimu,” 98-99, n. 91. 
166
See 
Bereshit rabah 
17:8 and 
Midrash Tanhuma
, Noah 1, where these three commandments are 
listed as having been given to women in retribution for the sin of Eve. On the special role of a woman 
in respect of these commandments according to contemptorary Habad, see Loewenthal, 
“’Daughter/Wife of Hasid,’” 24*-8*; Heilman and Friedman
The Rebbe
, 176-80.


246 
to make good the damage she had caused;”
167
but she still performs this 
commandment only as “an agent of her husband [
sheluho shel ha-ba‘al
].”
168
It was 
the last Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menahem Mendel Schneerson, who viewed his own 
lifetime as a moment of unprecedented darkness, and therefore encouraged not only 
married women but also young girls and children to light the Sabbath candles, even 
though they are not halakhicaly obliged to do so: 
This is a mission [
shelihut
] from the Most High, who himself gives strength 
to the small girl, so that by her act of lighting a candle in her candleholder, 
she will bring down into her home radiance, Jewishness [
Yidishkeyt
], and 
Godliness [
Gotlekhkeyt
].
169
The change brought by the modern world of the second half of the twentieth century 
demands special actions. Even children are recruited to help disperse the darkness of 
“alien thoughts” and the “thoughts of the street,” as Menahem Mendel Schneerson 
calls them.
170
In his spiritual project, a girl who lights the Sabbath candles becomes 
an agent of God Himself, whereas in the writings of Rashaz, this function is reserved 
for the married woman, who acts as an agent of her husband. 
5.3 The Sabbath as the propitious time for sexual union. 
Despite the fact that Rashaz attributes a great deal of significance to sexual union 
both in this and in the upper world,
171
it seems that he views the spiritual dimension 
167
This is a reference to Eve, who caused the death of Adam. See
 Shulhan ‘arukh Rabenu ha-Zaken

Orah hayim, 263:5, 173,
based on
y
Shabat 2:6 (20a); 
Bereshit rabah 
17:8;
Midrash Tanhuma
, Noah 
1, Metsora’
 
9; Zi 48b. 
168
Shulhan ‘arukh Rabenu ha-Zaken
, Orah hayim, 263, Kuntres aharon 2, 177. 
169
“Sihat motsa’ei Shabat Kodesh Bereshit – li-neshei u-venot Yisra’el ti. 5735” in Schneerson, 
Sihot 
kodesh
5735
, i, 133 [Appendix 21]. An abridged version of the talk was published in Shalom Dovber 
Levin, 
Kuntres nerot Shabat Kodesh
, i, 5-12. 
170
Schneerson, 
Sihot kodesh
5735
, i, 132; Levin, 
Kuntres nerot Shabat Kodesh
, i, 11. 
171
See TO 92d, where Rashaz stresses that contrary to a popular view of sexual union as repulsive 
[
davar ma’us
] because it requires an ablution in the 
mikveh
, it is a “great thing” [
davar gadol
], both in 
this world and in heaven. See also Loewenthal, “Women and the Dialectic,” 19* n.39. 


247 
of women’s role as extending no further than to facilitate the spiritual development 
of their husbands.
Rashaz invokes the figure of the defiantly unmarried Shimon Ben 
Azzai, of whom the Talmud says that he entered paradise [
b
Hagigah 14b], “cast a 
look and died,” in order to stress the value of marriage in a man’s life. In Rashaz’s 
opinion, Ben Azzai failed because he did not find the right balance between the 
spiritual and the earthly dimensions of his life: 
Ben Azzai was in the aspect of 

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