Shekhinah
as
et
, see Zi, 1:15b, 247a; Zii, 81b, 90a, 135b; Ziii, 190b. See also T2, 2:77a-b,
where Rashaz, following Zi, 1:15, interprets the verse: “Thou preservest them all” [
atah mehayeh et
kulam
; Neh 9:6] as referring to the totality of the Hebrew alphabet (
alef
and
tav
of the word
atah
) and
the five organs of verbal articulation (the letter
he
of the word
atah
, whose numerical value
is five).
The notion of
Malkhut
as the source of speech is further emphasized by reference to
Sefer yetsirah
,
(2:3), where the twenty two letters of the alphabet are said to be situated within the mouth in the five
organs of verbal articulation. This, in turns, corroborates the description of
Malkhut
as a mouth in
Tikunei zohar
, Hakdamah,
17a, which is also adopted by Rashaz, e.g. in T4, 26:144a.
61
Rashaz compares the forming of time to the process of articulation. Every act
of speech originates in a thought, which in turns is rooted in the will. The thought is
associated with limitlessness, as any single thought can comprise an unlimited
number of topics. However, in the process of its articulation, the thought is
channelled into an act of speech, which takes place at a particular time and place and
can comprise only a single topic.
128
Analogously, all aspects of time, and the future
developments of history, are comprised in the instantaneous divine thought, which is
like an “illumination and a lightning in the world.”
129
Yet when it comes to
realisation in the world, this thought divides into past, present and future, and into
the six supernal days, which it turn divide into six thousand years,
130
each dividing
into 365 days, the days into hours, and so on. Effectively, God renews the act of
creation by releasing each day into the world only “a number of combinations of
letters” out of His unique divine thought.
131
The sequential stages of this hermeneutical model correspond to the levels of
the
sefirotic
structure: the divine thought corresponds to the three upper attributes,
the supernal days are the six attributes constituting
Ze‘ir anpin
, and speech is located
within the
sefirah
of
Malkhut.
As Rashaz mentions briefly elsewhere,
132
the source
of time is in the conjunction of
Hokhmah
and
Binah
and is expressed in
Malkhut
. In
other words, in the process of verbalizing a thought, intuitive wisdom (
Hokhmah
) is
instantaneously conceptualised in
Binah
,
133
but it takes time for it to be verbalised at
the stage of
Malkhut
. Analogously, the renewal of the divine life force, which results
from the union of
Hokhmah
and
Binah
, or from non-being and being, is immediate,
but when mediated by
Malkhut
, it is noticeable only as the change between day and
night. In sum, the flow and division of time in the lower worlds is a reverberation of
the dynamics of the
sefirot
in the upper worlds, which Rashaz explains in terms of
the verbalisation of the divine thought.
128
See MAHZ
Ketsarim
, 43-44.
129
MAHZ
5563
, ii, 747.
130
Since every supernal day contains one thousand earthly years. See note 114 above.
131
MAHZ
5563
, ii, 748. See also MAHZ
5567
, 211; TO 7d.
132
MAHZ
Ketuvim
, i, 30-31.
133
On
Hokhmah
and
Binah
as intuitive thought and its conceptualisation, see T1, 3:7b.
62
In his attempts to describe the flow and division of time, Rashaz resorts also
to the images of light and the divine life force. By doing so, he roots his teachings
deeply in the kabbalistic tradition: time in the Kabbalah is so closely related to the
metaphysics of light that this has led Wolfson to conclude that: “The kabbalistic
conception of time is based on the intermingling of temporality and luminosity; the
motion of the infinite light refracted through the prism of the emanations produces
the sensibility of duration.”
134
In Rashaz’s teachings, however, the image of light is
rarely associated with time, even though oftentimes the term “light” seems to be used
interchangeably with the “divine life force” [
hiyut
], as when Rashaz explains that the
light and divine life force are renewed every day in the act of continuous creation,
135
or when he describes
Rosh ha-shanah
and
rosh hodesh
as days which contain the
totality of the divine light and life force, particularized in the rest of the days of the
year and the month, respectively.
136
Otherwise, it is usually the flow and division of
the divine life force that determines the flow and division of time in Rashaz’s
teachings. The flow of the divine life force and its division in the worlds into a
number of particular levels determines the division of time.
The introduction of the divine life force into the model of the development of
worldly temporal dimensions calls to mind the triad of
‘olam
,
shanah
,
nefesh
, in
which world (or: space), time and the divine life force are interconnected. According
to this paradigm, the divine life force (or the divine light) descends and unveils itself
in the lower worlds on multiple levels, determined by their degree of the materiality.
The higher a world is in the hierarchy, the more spiritual it is, and the life force and
light are unveiled in it with greater intensity. In this paradigm, the evolution of time
is the outcome of the growing distance that the divine life force has to cross in order
to reach the lower worlds, which it does by way of the continuous pulse of
ratso va-
134
Wolfson,
Alef, Mem, Tau
, 229 n. 266.
135
See for example MAHZ
5567
, 340; LT
Hukat
64d.
136
See for example MAHZ
5569
, 286;
Seder tefilot
, 234a. See also T4, 14:120a-b, where Rashaz
writes that every
Rosh ha-shanah
the divine life force comes into the world afresh, drawn from a
higher level than in the preceding year.
63
shov.
137
Thus, by connecting the flow of time to the flow of the divine influx into the
world, Rashaz conceptualises time in spatial terms.
138
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