part in the migrations and were relatively isolated. The speech of these tribes
showed little dialectical variation until the 9th c. and is regarded as Old North
language. It has come down to us in runic inscriptions dated from the 3rd to the 9th
c. The runes were used by North and West Germanic tribes.
Runes. Runes are also called Futhark, which actually is an analogue to our
"alphabet", in that f, u, th, a, r, and k are the first 6 Runic letters, while alpha and
beta are the first 2 Greek letters. Why this order? It must have had some
mneumonic function that was not preserved. (Just like why aleph, beth, and
gimmel are the first 3 letters in Phoenician/Ugaritic). Runes have always been seen
as possessive of mystical properties in the popular culture. One possible etymology
of the word rune is the Germanic word *run-, meaning "to conceal", "a secret".
This meaning can be explained the following way: at first runes were used as a
sacred writing system, and later became not only the magic, but also the civilian
script. The first Runic inscriptions appeared around 200 AD, but its origins may lie
much deeper in the pre-history of Northern Europe. For the next thousand years it
was used in Germany, Scandinavia, England, and Lowlands, and only in late
Middle Ages it was replaced by the Roman script everywhere in Northern Europe.
This alphabet was used in ancient Rome and was later adopted practically
everywhere in Western and Central Europe. It is also called Latin, for it was first
introduced by Latin tribes who founded Rome.Runes usually were inscribed on
metal, stone or wood boards, this is the reason for their strange sharp forms. The
most ancient of the inscriptions found is the one from Norway written on the edge
of the spear in about 200 AD. Since the alphabet, which was probably invented in
Scandinavia, was spreading to the British Isles and to continental Europe, its
symbols changed somehow, as well as the number of them. Modern science makes
a distinction between the Elder Runes (up to the 9th century), and the later
Younger Runes, or Scandinavian Runes. A speacial variety existed in Anglo-Saxon
England from the 7th to the 10th century. The Elder Runes, used mostly for magic
purposes, contain many personal names and their lexicon is sometimes hard to
understand, though the language is clear. We know about 150 runic inscriptions of
this period, and some of them contain just one or two symbols. The Younger
inscriptions are more numerous (about 3500), and are mostly documents written in