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on Nominalization (1970), Conditions on Transformations (1973), Lectures on Government and Binding (1981),
Barriers (1986), Principles and Parameters in Syntactic Theory (1981), and The Minimalist Program (1995). In
the following chapters, basic notions in these publications as well as many others in areas other than syntax are
presented at an introductory and basic level.
Knowing a language helps us understand what people are saying or doing with their hands. It also allows us
to say what we are thinking using words or signs. Sign languages used by deaf people are similar to spoken lan-
guages but instead of using sound, they use body movements to communicate. When talking about language, we
usually mean both spoken and signed languages, not just speech sounds. Linguistic knowledge as represented in
the speaker’s mind is called a grammar[3]. Linguistic theory is concerned with revealing the nature of the mental
grammar which represents speakers’ knowledge of their language. If one defines grammar as the mental repre-
sentation of one’s linguistic knowledge, then a general theory of language is a theory of grammar. A grammar
includes everything one knows about the structure of one’s language – its lexicon (the words or vocabulary in
the mental dictionary), its morphology (the structure of words), its syntax (the structure of phrases and sentences
and the constraints on well-formedness of sentences), its semantics (the meaning of words and sentences) and
its phonetics and phonology (the sounds and the sound system or patterns). A theory of grammar specifies the
nature of each of these components and the universal aspects of all grammars. Each of these different kinds of
linguistic knowledge constitutes a component of the mental grammar. But what kind of knowledge is this? What do
speakers know? First it must be noted that we are not speaking of conscious knowledge. Most of us (before taking
a course in linguistics) are totally unaware of the extent of our tacit unconscious knowledge of our language. We
have no idea of the complexity of this knowledge. Some of this complex knowledge will be revealed in the chapters
to come[4]. As a way of introduction, however, we can illustrate the nature of this linguistic competence as repre-
sented in the components of our mental grammars.
Linguistics is a field of study in humanities and social sciences. It is also used in practical applications. The
study of language has different parts like how sentences are structured, what words mean, the structure of words,
how speech sounds are made and how language is used in social situations. Researchers studying biolinguistics
and psycholinguistics are trying to connect different areas of language research by looking at the biological and
psychological factors that affect language development and evolution. The study of language includes lots of dif-
ferent parts that cover both ideas and real-life uses. Theoretical linguistics is studying how language works and
making a framework to explain it. Applied linguistics is about using science to help people learn and understand
language better. This can lead to better ways of teaching and reading.
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