Types of Forming Words. Derivation. Affixation

Particular cases of sound-interchange:

[k] — [t∫]: to speak — speech,

[s] — [d]: defence — to defend; offence — to offend;

[s] — [t]: evidence — evident, importance — important, etc.

sound imitation (or onomatopoeia) is the naming of an action or a thing by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it, cf.: cock-a-doodle-do (English) – ку-ка-ре-ку (Russian).

• sound imitation (or onomatopoeia) is the naming of an action or a thing by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it, cf.: cock-a-doodle-do (English) – ку-ка-ре-ку (Russian).

Groups:

a) words denoting sounds produced by human being in the process of communication or expressing their feelings: mumble, babble;

b) words denoting sounds produced by animals, birds, insects: mew, croak, buzz;

c) words imitation the sound of water, the noise of metallic things, a forceful motion, movement: splash, clink, bang.

back-formation is the formation of a new word by subtracting a real or supposed suffix from the existing words. The process is based on analogy: the word to butle ‘to act or serve as a butler’ is derived by subtraction of –er from a supposedly verbal stem in the noun butler;

• back-formation is the formation of a new word by subtracting a real or supposed suffix from the existing words. The process is based on analogy: the word to butle ‘to act or serve as a butler’ is derived by subtraction of –er from a supposedly verbal stem in the noun butler;
• distinctive stress is the formation of a new word by means of the shift of the stress in the source word, cf.: export (n) — to ex´port; ´import (n) — to im´port; ‘