Savage’s Minimax Regret
The Savage Minimax Regret criterion examines the regret, opportunity cost or loss resulting when a
particular situation occurs and the payoff of the selected alternative is smaller than the payoff that
could have been attained with that particular situation. The regret corresponding to a particular payoff
Xij is defined as Rij = Xj(max) – Xij where Xj(max) is the maximum payoff attainable under the
situation Sj. This definition of regret allows the decision maker to transform the payoff matrix into a
regret matrix. The minimax criterion suggests that the decision maker looks at the maximum regret of
each strategy and selects the one with the smallest value. This approach appeals to cautious decision
makers who want to ensure that the selected alternative does well when compared to other alternatives
regardless of the situation arising. It is particularly attractive to a decision maker who knows that
several competitors face identical or similar circumstances and who is aware that the decision maker’s
performance will be evaluated in relation to the competitors. This criterion is applied to the same
decision situation and transforms the payoff matrix into a regret matrix.
The Minimax Regret criterion focuses on avoiding the worst possible consequences that could result
when making a decision. Although regret is an emotional state (a psychological sense of loss) which,
being subjective, can be problematic to assess accurately, the assumption is made that regret is
quantifiable in direct (linear) relation to the rewards R
ij
expressed in the payoff matrix. This means that
an actual loss of, say, an euro (an accounting loss) will be valued exactly the same as a failure to take
advantage of the opportunity to gain an additional euro (an opportunity loss, which is disregarded in
financial accounting). In other words, the Minimax Regret criterion views actual losses and missed
opportunities as equally comparable.
Regret is defined as the opportunity loss to the decision maker if action alternative A
i
is chosen and
state of nature S
j
happens to occur. Opportunity loss (OL) is the payoff difference between the best
possible outcome under S
j
and the actual outcome resulting from choosing A
i
given that S
j
occurs. Thus, if the decision alternative secures the best possible payoff for a given state of nature, the
opportunity loss is defined to be zero. Otherwise, the opportunity loss will be a positive
quantity. Negative opportunity losses are not defined. Savage’s Minimax Regret criterion is formally
defined as:
OL
ij
= (column j maximum payoff) - R
ij
- for positive-flow payoffs (profits, income)
OL
ij
= R
ij
- (column j minimum payoff) - for negative-flow payoffs (costs)
where R
ij
is the payoff (reward) for row i and column j of the payoff matrix R.
Opportunity losses are defined as nonnegative numbers. The best possible OL is zero (no regret), and
the higher OL value, the greater the regret.
Minimax Regret decision rule is defined as:
1. Convert the payoff matrix R = { R
ij
} into an opportunity loss matrix OL = { OL
ij
}.
2. Apply the minimax rule to the OL matrix.
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