PART 1
The examiner asks the candidate about him/herself, his/her home, work or studies and other familiar
topics.
EXAMPLE
Daily Routine
• What would you like to change in your daily routine?
• Are all your days the same?
• Tell me about your typical weekday and your typical weekend.
• What is the balance of work/study and free time in your normal day?
PART 2
Describe something you own which is very important to you.
You should say:
where you got it from
how long you have had it
what you use it for
and explain why it is so important to you.
You will have to talk about the
topic for 1 to 2 minutes. You have
one minute to think about what
you’re going to say. You can make
some notes to help you if you wish.
PART 3
Discussion topics:
How values can change
Example questions:
What kind of possessions show status in your country?
Do you think it was different for your grandparents?
The consumer society
Example questions:
Modern society is often called ‘materialistic’. Why do you think this is?
Do you think consumerism is a positive or a negative development?
The consumer market
Example questions:
What is the role of advertising?
How do you think the Internet will affect buying patterns in the future?
100
General Training: Reading and Writing
Test A
READING
SECTION 1 Questions 1-13
Questions 1-8
Look at the advertisements opposite.
Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
A
International Language Centre
B
Global Language Learning Centre
C
TAFE International
D
Club Francais
E
University of Canberra
Which advertisement mentions
1 up-to-date teaching systems?
2 that the institution has been established for a significant time?
3 examination classes?
4 that arrangements can be made for activities outside class?
5 the availability of courses for school students?
6 language teaching for special purposes?
Which TWO advertisements mention
7 a wide variety of language choices?
8 evening classes?
Reading
101
General Training: Reading and Writing Test A
102
Questions 9-13
Read the notice about road works below. In boxes 9—13 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the notice
9 The road will be closed for two days and not re-opened until Monday.
10 The road will be open as far as Little Street.
11 Work on the road will continue each weekend for the next month.
12 Temporary traffic lights will operate at intersections with Main Street.
13 There will be bus services to the university throughout the weekend.
MAIN STREET, GATTON RE-DEVELOPMENT
ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS
SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will
mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets
from 6am on Saturday, 12 August to 6pm on Sunday, 13 August. The
intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected.
We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further
disruption to traffic.
Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend
during the hours indicated.
No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and
Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes
566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university.
The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience
caused while improvements are in progress.
Reading
103
SECTION 2 Questions 14-26
Questions 14-19
Read the enrolment details for Ashwood College on the following page and look at the statements
below.
In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
Example
Overseas students may enroll for a course
at the colledge fron their home country
Answer
TRUE
14 Overseas students must pay a deposit when they apply for a course at the college.
15 Outstanding fees are payable by the end of the first week of the course.
16 Classes are organised according to ability level.
17 There is a break between each lesson.
18 Students may change courses at any time during the term.
19 Any student is permitted to take a week’s holiday during a 12-week course.
General Training: Reading and Writing Test A
104
Reading
105
Questions 20-26
Read the information on the Language Institute on the following page.
Complete the summary of information below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.
SUMMARY
Example
Overseas students who study at ….. may
choose to spend more of their free time
Answer
Totara Language
Institute
with local students by applying for a room in the ...20... . Places are available here even for students
enrolled on the minimum length course of ...21.... Class sizes for each course range from ...22...
students and all the class teachers are well qualified; many of them teach on graduate programmes in
areas such as applied linguistics. As a member of the Language Institute you will automatically be
able to join the ...23... .
Hamilton can offer students a wide range of social activities. The city itself lies on either side of
the ...24... which results in some very ...25... views and enjoyable walks in the gardens.
The Institute employs an activities co-ordinator who can help you organise your free time and you
may also wish to make use of this service for planning your ...26... when you leave New Zealand.
Remember that a student permit is not valid when you have finished your studies.
General Training: Reading and Writing Test A
106
THE TOTARA
LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
NEW ZEALAND
Study English in a national university with students from many
countries.
• 4-week blocks
• 5 hours’ tuition each day
• examination preparation
• university entry (with appropriate academic and English requirements)
Choice of accommodation for all students - homestays with local families or in Halls of
Residence with New Zealand students.
The Totara Language Institute is part of the University of Waikato in the city of Hamilton, in New Zealand’s North
Island. Intensive English classes are taught in four-week blocks throughout the year and students may enrol for as
many blocks as they wish. Classes are for 5 hours each day, Monday to Friday, and include preparation for several
international English language examinations. All the courses are taught by highly qualified teachers, many of
whom also teach on Language Institute graduate programmes in second language teaching and applied linguistics.
Classes are small, usually from 10-12 students with a maximum number of 15, and normally contain a mix of
students from a wide range of countries. Students who study English at the Language Institute become
international members of the Waikato Students’ Union. The option is available to move on to university study if
students meet the English language and academic entry levels for their choice of programme. The Language
Institute provides student support, welfare and activities services. Students are met at Auckland airport on arrival
and accommodation is provided with local families or in University Halls of Residence with New Zealand
students.
Hamilton, one of New Zealand’s fastest growing cities, is ideally located for a wide range of leisure and cultural
activities. The Waikato river, the longest river in New Zealand, flows through the centre of the city, providing a
picturesque and park-like setting of riverside walks and gardens. The Waikato region is a diverse agricultural area,
rich in historic sites, arts and crafts, hot springs, native forests, mountains and rivers. Within easy reach is an
unspoilt coastline; the wild and rugged west coast beaches famous for surfing, and the more peaceful east coast
resorts are only a short drive from Hamilton. Further afield the mountains of the central North Island, 3 hours’
drive away, provide superb ski facilities in winter, and hiking country in summer.
The Language Institute activities co-ordinator can assist students to arrange any sport and leisure activities.
Assistance is also available for ongoing travel arrangements for students. Students on a visitor visa or work permit
may study for a maximum of 3 months. Courses of longer duration require a student permit which is issued for the
length of study only.
Reading
107
SECTION 3 Questions 27-40
Read the passage on the following pages.
Question 27
From the list below choose the most suitable title for the whole of the Reading Passage. Write the
appropriate letter A-D in box 27 on your answer sheet.
A Pollution control in coal mining
B The greenhouse effect
C The coal industry and the environment
D Sustainable population growth
Questions 28-31
The Reading Passage has four sections A-D.
Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the
appropriate numbers i-viii in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Global warming
ii The dangers of the coal industry
iii Superclean coal
iv Environment protection measures
v Coal as an energy source
vi Coal and the enhanced greenhouse effect
vii Research and development
viii Mining site drainage
28 Section A
29 Section B
30 Section C
31 Section D
General Training: Reading and Writing Test A
108
A Coal is expected to continue to account for almost 27 per cent of the world’s enersy needs. However,
with growins international awareness of pressures on the environment and the need to achieve
sustainable development of enersy resources, the way in which the resource is extracted, transported
and used is critical.
A wide range of pollution control devices and practices is in place at most modern mines and
significant resources are spent on rehabilitating mined land. In addition, major research and
development programmes are being devoted to lifting efficiencies and reducing emissions of
greenhouse gases during coal consumption. Such measures are helping coal to maintain its status as
a major supplier of the world’s energy needs.
B The coal industry has been targeted by its critics as a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect.
However, the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon involving the increase in global surface
temperature due to the presence of greenhouse gases - water vapour, carbon dioxide, tropospheric
ozone, methane and nitrous oxide - in the atmosphere. Without the greenhouse effect, the earth’s
average surface temperature would be 33-35 degrees C lower, or -15 degrees C. Life on earth, as we
know it today, would not be possible.
There is concern that this natural phenomenon is being altered by a greater build-up of gases from
human activity, perhaps giving rise to additional warming and changes in the earth’s climate. This
additional build-up and its forecast outcome has been called the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Considerable uncertainty exists, however, about the enhanced greenhouse effect, particularly in
relation to the extent and timing of any future increases in global temperature.
Greenhouse gases arise from a wide range of sources and their increasing concentration is largely
related to the compound effects of increased population, improved living standards and changes in
lifestyle. From a current base of 5 billion, the United Nations predicts that the global population may
stabilise in the twenty-first century between 8 and 14 billion, with more than 90 per cent of the
projected increase taking place in the world’s developing nations. The associated activities to support
that growth, particularly to produce the required energy and food, will cause further increases in
greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge, therefore, is to attain a sustainable balance between
population, economic growth and the environment.
The major greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are carbon dioxide (CO
2
), methane and
nitrous oxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the only major contributor to the greenhouse effect that
does not occur naturally, coming from such sources as refrigeration, plastics and manufacture. Coal’s
total contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is thought to be about 18 per cent, with about half of
this coming from electricity generation.
C The world-wide coal industry allocates extensive resources to researching and developing new
technologies and ways of capturing greenhouse gases. Efficiencies are likely to be improved
Reading
109
dramatically, and hence CO
2
emissions reduced, through combustion and gasification techniques
which are now at pilot and demonstration stages.
Clean coal is another avenue for improving fuel conversion efficiency. Investigations are under way
into superclean coal (3-5 per cent ash) and ultraclean coal (less than 1 per cent ash). Superclean coal
has the potential to enhance the combustion efficiency of conventional pulverised fuel power plants.
Ultraclean coal will enable coal to be used in advanced power systems such as coal-fired gas turbines
which, when operated in combined cycle, have the potential to achieve much greater efficiencies.
D Defendants of mining point out that, environmentally, coal mining has two important factors in its
favour. It makes only temporary use of the land and produces no toxic chemical wastes. By carefully
pre-planning projects, implementing pollution control measures, monitoring the effects of mining and
rehabilitating mined areas, the coal industry minimises the impact on the neighbouring community, the
immediate environment and long-term land capability.
Dust levels are controlled by spraying roads and stockpiles, and water pollution is controlled by
carefully separating clean water runoff from runoff which contains sediments or salt from mine
workings. The latter is treated and re-used for dust suppression. Noise is controlled by modifying
equipment and by using insulation and sound enclosures around machinery.
Since mining activities represent only a temporary use of the land, extensive rehabilitation measures
are adopted to ensure that land capability after mining meets agreed and appropriate standards
which, in some cases, are superior to the land’s pre-mining condition. Where the mining is
underground, the surface area can be simultaneously used for forests, cattle grazing and crop raising,
or even reservoirs and urban development, with little or no disruption to the existing land use. In all
cases, mining is subject to stringent controls and approvals processes.
In open-cut operations, however, the land is used exclusively for mining but land rehabilitation
measures generally progress with the mine’s development. As core samples are extracted to assess
the quality and quantity of coal at a site, they are also analysed to assess the ability of the soil or
subsoil material to support vegetation. Topsoils are stripped and stockpiled prior to mining for
subsequent dispersal over rehabilitated areas. As mining ceases in one section of the open-cut, the
disturbed area is reshaped. Drainage within and off the site is carefully designed to make the new
land surface as stable as the local environment allows: often dams are built to protect the area from
soil erosion and to serve as permanent sources of water. Based on the soil requirements, the land is
suitably fertilised and revegetated.
General Training: Reading and Writing Test A
110
Questions 32-36
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
32 The global increase in greenhouse gases has been attributed to
A industrial pollution in developing countries.
B coal mining and electricity generation.
C reduced rainfall in many parts of the world.
D trends in population and lifestyle.
33 The proportion of all greenhouse gases created by coal is approximately
A 14 per cent.
B 18 per cent.
C 27 per cent.
D 90 per cent.
34 Current research aims to increase the energy-producing efficiency of coal by
A burning it at a lower temperature.
B developing new gasification techniques.
C extracting CO
2
from it.
D recycling greenhouse gases.
35 Compared with ordinary coal, new, ‘clean’ coals may generate power
A more cleanly and more efficiently.
B more cleanly but less efficiently.
C more cleanly but at higher cost.
D more cleanly but much more slowly.
36 To control dust at mine sites, mining companies often use
A chemicals which may be toxic.
B topsoil taken from the site before mining.
C fresh water from nearby dams.
D runoff water containing sediments.
Reading
111
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements reflect the opinions of the writer in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 37—40 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
37 The coal industry should be abandoned in favour of alternative energy sources because of the
environmental damage it causes.
38 The greatest threats to the environment are the gases produced by industries which support the
high standard of living of a growing world population.
39 World population in the twenty-first century will probably exceed 8 billion.
40 CFC emissions have been substantially reduced in recent years.
General Training: Reading and Writing Test A
112
WRITING
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
You are due to start a new job next week but you will not be able to because you have
some problems.
Write a letter to your new employer. In your letter
• explain your situation
• describe your problems
• tell him/her when you think you can start.
You should write at least 150 words.
You do NOT need to write your own address. Begin your letter as follows:
Dear...............,
Writing
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