Prediction assessment of climate change influence on glaciers
and river flow
For research of possible scenarios for climate change in Central Asian
countries, the following different scenarios and models of global climate
change –HadCM2, CCCM, GFDL, GISS, UK-89, ECHAM4, GFDL,
IS92 etc.– have been used. The estimates show considerable changes
in glaciation and surface river flow in the region for the medium and
long-term future. To a greater degree, these changes will be shown in the
form of reducing the glaciers’ areas and volumes and reducing river flow
owing to the rise in temperature and increased precipitations.
Predicted assessment for glaciers
Glaciation change will depend on such factors as temperature rise,
precipitation and structure of relief, which vary in the different basins.
If we consider the evolution of glaciation for the last 50 years, and we
compare data on the morphometry of glaciers of the USSR Catalogue
published in 1965-1982 with data from ground observations and the
ACF of glacial areas, then against the general background of a reduction
in the number of glaciers, there were stationary indicators and some ex-
pansions (increasing linear dimensions, the “revival” of “dead” tongues).
For the great bulk of glaciers, reduction indicators are characteristic: the
disappearance of glaciers of 1 km
2
, the reducing of ablation areas, the
breaking up of large glaciers into separate inflows, the increase of mo-
raine areas and natural glacier pollution (Agaltseva, 2002).
Forecasts by experts and scientists in Tajikistan show that by 2050, one
thousand small glaciers will disappear in the country, the glaciation area
will be reduced by 20%, and the ice volume will decrease by 25%. This
will lead to a reduction in the glacier supply of rivers by 20-40%. The total
flow of the Zeravshan, Kafarnigan, Vakhsh and Panj rivers will lower by
7%. The predictive increasing quantity of atmospheric precipitation by 14-
Sulton Rahimov
46
Documentos CIDOB, Asia
Impacts of climate change on water resources in Central Asia
18% will not have a considerable influence on flow, as the most part, fallen
precipitation will evaporate from surfaces of catchment areas.
2
An expedition of Kazakh glaciologists that took place insummer 2005
confirmed this continuing reduction of glaciers in the Northern Tien
Shan. Connecting this process with global climate warming, the expe-
dition’s participants note that, if glaciers’ thawing rates persist, within
the next 10-15 years the flow of mountain rivers will be reduced by
double (Seversky, 2006). According to materials from the 13
th
Glaciolo-
gist Symposium (Materials of glaciologist researches, 2004) the available
tendency may already lead to the disappearance of glaciers in the South-
ern Jungaria by the middle of the 21
st
century.
In general, according to experts’ assessments, the air temperature rise
by on 1-2 °CС will strengthen the process of glaciation degradation. Dur-
ing 1957-1980 the glaciers of the Aral Sea Basin lost 115,5 km
3
of ice
(about 104 km
3
of water), which represented almost 20% of ice reserves
for 1957. By 2000 the losses have totalled 14% of the reserves for 1957.
By 2020-2025, the glaciers will lose no less than 10% of their initial
volume (Agaltseva, 2002).
Predicted assessment for surface flow
Analysis of existing research shows different forecasts for the influ-
ence of climate change on river flow in Central Asia. Data from research
studies varies from inconsiderable flow changes (2-7%) to considerable
(10-40%) over the long-term future.
According to Agaltseva’s data (2002), calculations carried out on a
mathematical model of the formation of mountain rivers flow at the
2. Climate change - forecasts of Tajik experts. Dushanbe, 2002. Results of expeditions orga-
nised by the Executive Committee of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS),
the Regional Center of Hydrology (RCH) and the National Hydrometeorological Services
(NHMS) of Tajikistan, 2005-2006).
Impacts of climate change on water resources in Central Asia
47
Número 25, 2009
realisation of various climate change scenarios allow us to assume that
in the next 20-30 years, a considerable change of water resources should
not be expected. However, as a result of climate warming there will be a
reduction in average water consumption for the vegetative period. The
possible flow changes of this period will be within natural variability:
from +3 to -2. In particular, a considerable reduction in the flow of the
Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya rivers in the next 20-30 years is not expected
(Agaltseva, 2002).
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