Bektur Sakiev
80
Documentos CIDOB, Asia
Land and Water Management patterns in Ferghana Valley
Throughout the next few decades, the region was turned into a huge
cotton plantation, and this logically led to a rise in water consumption.
An impressive irrigation network, canals, and reservoirs were all built to
serve the cotton production. As a result, the region became one of the
world’s largest cotton producers, with Uzbekistan alone producing and
exporting as much as four million tons of cotton annually (Zanidin,
http://meria.idc.ac.il).
However, this development has had disastrous effects on the environ-
ment. The region’s two major rivers, Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya, were
almost fully diverted for cotton irrigation. As a result the water level in
the Aral Sea, which is fed by these two rivers, fell by seven metres in 20
years, from 1964 to 1984. This, the worst man-made disaster in the
world, has also damaged the population’s health. Infant mortality in sur-
rounding areas has reached 110 deaths for every 1,000 births, one of the
highest in the world (Zanidin,
http://meria.idc.ac.il).
.
The Soviet government built huge water reservoirs in Kyrgyzstan and
Tajikistan, primarily for the cotton industry in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Several hydropower stations were also built. Power grids in the region
were linked up into one single regional network. Through this network,
upstream countries exported electrical power to downstream countries
during the winter, and imported from them during the summer when
water was piped to cotton fields. Coordination of water flows to the cot-
ton fields during the hot season was managed from Moscow.
The cotton production system and water resources management were dis-
rupted when the Soviet Union collapsed. Instead of one single water man-
agement system and a single hydropower system, now five new independent
states had appeared, all wanting to create their own independent hydro-
power systems and struggling to satisfy their demand for water resources.
With their
newly-gained independence, the downstream countries
(Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) have undertaken a policy
of energy self-sufficiency, and reduced their
dependency on imported
hydropower from their neighbours. Upstream countries have pursued a
Land and Water Management patterns in Ferghana Valley
81
Número 25, 2009
policy of developing and utilising their hydropower potential, which has
significantly reduced water flows to downstream countries.
The urban population of the upstream countries is, to a large extent,
dependent on the gas and coal supply from the downstream countries,
especially during winter. The downstream countries thus want water for
cotton, and can use their energy supplies to bargain for it; the upstream
countries can bargain with their water but their energy strategy requires
that they retain more of it. The upstream states view water as a commod-
ity for trade and profit, especially since they are poorly endowed with
other resources. Control over water is also important for them as they
need it to generate much of their own power needs.
The poorer upstream states, despite their huge water resources, have
few other resources to develop. Devoid of sufficient energy resources,
they are highly dependent on natural gas supplies from the downstream
states, and consequently, the Kyrgyz and Tajik
governments are con-
stantly under domestic pressure, especially from the urban population,
for whom natural gas is vital for surviving the cold winter season. In
turn, the downstream state governments have to consider that without
water flows from the upstream states for irrigation they will have to deal
not only with angry farmers, but also huge economic losses.
Let us take Uzbekistan as an example: cotton exports from this country
make up around 20% of all its exports (ICWC). It is the single major sector
on which Uzbek political leadership is highly dependent. A fall in cotton
income, which relies greatly on water supplies, would further impoverish the
Uzbek rural population and consequently lead to social discontentment.
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