Word formation of part of speech noun affixation and similarities and differences in English and Uzbek Languages

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1Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition, Springfield, Mass., 1949. P. 98

In some cases, it is more difficult to determine the nature of the construction of compound words. (compare, for example, first nighter - coming to the theater premiere, out-of-towner - living out of town, to weekend - spending the weekend). These help to conduct word formation analysis. Regardless of their morphological structure, such new structures fall into the category of compound words.

Thus, compounds like first nighter, out-of-towner are derivative words (first-night + land, out-of-town + land): 1) core + base; 2) core + core + base; 3) stem + stem.


Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation [4;99] Conversion refers to the process of changing or converting the class of a word without changing its form. Examples: Noun to verb: bottle (The wine was brewed in France but bottled in Hong Kong.), Verb to noun: hit (He scored a hit in his first shot.), Adjective to noun: crazy (Stop shouting and running around like a crazy.), Adjective to verb: dirty (Don't sit on the floor. You might dirty your dress.) Conversion is treated differently by different scientists, e.g. prof. A.I. Smirntitsky treats conversion as a morphological way of forming words when one part of speech is formed from another part of speech by changing its paradigm. Conversion is the main way of forming verbs in Modern English [6;58]. Verbs can be formed from nouns of different semantic groups and have different meanings because of that:
a) verbs have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting parts of a human body e.g. to eye, to finger, to elbow, to shoulder etc. They have instrumental meaning if they are formed from nouns denoting tools, machines, instruments, weapons, e.g. to hammer, to machine-gun, to rifle.
b) verbs can denote an action characteristic of the living being denoted by the noun from which they have been converted, e.g. to crowd, to wolf.
c) verbs can denote acquisition, addition or deprivation if they are formed from nouns denoting an object, e.g. to fish, to dust, to peel, to paper.
d) verbs can denote an action performed at the place denoted by the noun from which they have been converted, e.g. to park, to garage, to bottle, to corner.
e) verbs can denote an action performed at the time denoted by the noun from which they have been converted e.g. to winter, to week-end _________________
Haspelmath, M. Morphology. London: MacMillan Press LTD.2003
p.56-60
An abbreviation, simply put, is a shortened form of a word. In writing, abbreviations are useful when you need to squeeze a lot of writing into a small space. You can also use them in place of long or cumbersome phrases to make your sentences easier to read. One thing to remember about abbreviations is that certain ones are considered informal. If you are writing something very formal, it’s better to err on the side of spelling things out. The other thing to remember is that some readers may not know what an abbreviation means. If the abbreviation is obscure or unfamiliar, make sure to explain what it means the first time you use it.
Acronyms and initialisms.Abbreviations come in a few different varieties. Both acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations that are formed by combining the initial letter or letters of each word into a longer name or phrase. Typically, acronyms and initialisms are written in all capital letters to distinguish them from ordinary words. (When fully spelled out, the words in acronyms and initialisms do not need to be capitalized unless they entail a proper noun.)
An acronym is pronounced as a single word, rather than as a series of letters. NASA, for instance, is an acronym. It stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Occasionally, an acronym becomes so commonplace that it evolves into an ordinary word that people no longer think of as an acronym. The words scuba and laser, for instance, originated as acronyms (self contained underwater breathing apparatus and light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, respectively).
Initialisms are similar to acronyms in that they are also formed using the first letter of each word in a longer phrase. Unlike acronyms, however, initialisms are pronounced as a series of letters. NFL (National Football League), for example, is pronounced en-eff-ell. If you need to use an indefinite article before an acronym or initialism, use the initial sound of the word (not necessarily the initial letter) guide your choice.Internet slang often takes the form of initialisms: LOL, IDK, IMO, BRB. Although this type of slang isn’t appropriate for important correspondence like emails to your professor or colleagues, or in online comments when you want to be taken seriously, it can be handy for informal online chatting, especially if you type slowly. Abbreviations for courtesy titles and academic degrees.Titles such as mister, miss, and doctor, as well as the names of academic degrees such as bachelor of arts and doctor of philosophy are almost always abbreviated. In American English, title abbreviations are followed by a period; in British English, the period is omitted.
The most common title abbreviations include: Mr. = Mister Mrs. = Mistress (pronounced “missus”) Ms. = (pronounced “miss” or “miz”) Sr. = Senior Jr. = Junior Dr. = Doctor Mr. Green asked Ms. Grey if she had met Dr. Jekyl. (American style) Mr Green asked Ms Grey if she had met Dr Jekyl. (British style)
The most common academic degree abbreviations include: B.S. = Bachelor of science B.A. = Bachelor of Arts
M.A. = Master of Arts M.B.A. = Master of Business Administration Ph.D. = Doctor of Philosophy
The periods are optional with abbreviations of academic degrees. Follow whichever style your style guide recommends, or just choose one and use it consistently. When an academic degree is used like a title, it follows a person’s name and is set off by commas: