The ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Slow version Fast version
- Elision giving rise to assimilation
- Palatalization
- Dissimilation
- Slow speech Rapid speech
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rounded
variant under the influence of a following rounded vowel phoneme, as at the beginning of the following words: Unrounded variants of Rounded variants of consonant phonemes consonant phonemes [ t ɪ : ] tea [ tu: ] too [ les] less [ lu:s] loose [n ʌ n] none [ nu:n] noon (2) A fully back variant of a back vowel phoneme is replaced by its lightly advanced (fronted) variant under the influence of the preceding mediolingual phoneme [j] Fully back variant of [u:] Fronted variant of [u:] ['bu:t ɪ ] booty ['bju:t ɪ ] beauty [mu:n ] moon ['mju:z ɪ k] music (3) A vowel phoneme is represented by its slightly more open variant before the dark [ ł ] under the influence of the latter’s back secondary focus. Thus the vowel sound in bell, tell is slightly more open than the vowel in bed, ten ( [beł] – [bed], [teł] – [ten] ) . Elision In rapid colloquial speech certain notional words may lose some of their sounds (vowels and consonants). This phenomenon is called elision. Elision occurs both within words and at word boundaries. phonetics [f ə u'net ɪ ks] [ f 'net ɪ ks] mostly ['m ə ustl ɪ ] ['m ə usl ɪ ] all right [' :l 'ra ɪ t ] [' :ra ɪ t ] next day ['nekst 'de ɪ ] ['neks 'de ɪ ] Ω Some effects of [d] and [t] elision. 1. You hear the final [ d ] or [ t ] in the root of some words, but not when a suffix is added. For example: Without elision With elision It was perfect It was perfec(t)ly marvelous That’s exact That’s exac(t)ly right She’s full of tact She’s very tac(t)ful What does she want? She wan(t)s some butter 32 One pound of butter Ten poun(d)s of butter 2. Elision can also affect the speed, there may be no difference between present and past simple. Slow version Fast version I watch television every day. I watch television every day. I watched television last night. I watch(ed) television last night. They crash the car regularly. They crash the car regularly. They crashed the car yesterday. They crash(ed) the car yesterday. I wash my hands before I have lunch. I wash my hands before I have lunch. I washed my hands before I had lunch. I wash(ed) my hands before I had lunch. They usually finish their work at six. They usually finish their work at six. They finished work early yesterday. They finish(ed) work early yesterday. Elision giving rise to assimilation In sequences such as ten boys and ten girls assimilation takes place because the sounds involved are already next to each other. By contrast in others such as the second boy and the second girl assimilation only takes place because the intervening sound – the [d] in this case – has been elided. There are hundreds of set expressions involving this combination of [ d ] or [ t ] Phonetic drills 1. Listen to the tape and practise reading Elision + assimilation Using “and” eggs an(d) bacon [ egz ə m 'be ɪ k ə n] boys an(d) girls [ b ɪ z ə ŋ ' ɡə :lz] tea an(d) coffee [ t ɪ : ə ŋ ' k f ɪ ] en(d)s an(d) means [ enz ə m 'm ɪ :nz] Negative [t] I won( t) be coming. [a ɪ w ə um b ɪ 'k m ɪ ŋ] She can( t) go. [ ʃ ɪ 'ka:ŋ ' ɡə u ] Can( t) pay, won( t) pay [ ka:mpe ɪ 'w ə umpe ɪ ] I don( t) care. [ a ɪ d ə uŋ 'ke ə ] 2. Analyze the words given below and state the type of accommodation. Cool, bell, music, thought, belt, cue, lunar, who 3. What vowels or consonants are elided in rapid speech within the following words or at word boundaries: Ω 33 factory [ ' fæktr ɪ ] , national [ ' næ nl] , perhaps [præps] , already [ : ' red ɪ ] , lastly [ ' la:sl ɪ ] , you mustn’t lose it [ju ' m sn ˎ lu:z ɪ t] , wouldn’t he come [ ' wudn ɪ ˏ k m] , I’ve got to go [a ɪ v ' ɡ t ə ˎɡə u] , we could try [w ɪ k ə ˎ tra ɪ ] , let me come in [ ' lem ɪ k m ˎɪ n] Palatalization Palatalization is a secondary articulation in which the front of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate. Palatalization of consonant is not a phonemic feature in English though the consonants [ ʃ ], [ ʒ ], [ ʧ ], [ ʤ ] are slightly palatalized. Flapping Flapping is a process in which a dental or alveolar stop articulation changes to a flap (r) articulation. In English this process applies to both [t] and [d] and occurs between vowels, the first of which is generally stressed. Flaps are heard in the casual speech pronunciation of words such as butter, writer, fatter, wader and waiter, and even in phrases such as I bought it [a ɪ b´ r ɪ t] . The alveolar flap is always voiced. Flapping is considered a type of assimilation since it changes a non-continuant segment (a stop) to a continuant segment in the environment of other continuants (vowels). Dissimilation Dissimilation, the opposite of assimilation, results in two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms. The resulting sequence of sounds is easier to articulate and distinguish. It is a much rarer process than dissimilation. One commonly heard example of assimilation in English occurs in words ending with three consecutive fricatives, such as “fifth”. Many speakers dissimilate the final [f s] sequence to [fts], apparently to break up the sequence of three fricatives with a stop. Deletion Deletion is a process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts. Deletion occurs in everyday rapid speech in many languages. In English, a schwa [ ə ] is often deleted when the next vowel in the word is stressed. Deletion of [ ə ] in English. Slow speech Rapid speech [p ə ˈ re I d] [k ə ˈ r ə ud] [s ə ˈ p ə uz] [pre I d] parade [kr ə ud] corrode [sp ə uz] suppose Comparative Study 34 Compare the careful speech and rapid speech pronunciation of the following English words and phrases. Then name the process or processes that make the rapid speech pronunciation different from the careful speech. Careful Speech Rapid Speech a) in my room [ ɪ n ma ɪ ˈ rum] [ ɪ mma ɪ rum] b) I see them [a ɪ ˈ s ɪ: ðə m] [a ɪ ˈ s ɪ:ə m] c) within [w ɪð ˈ ɪ n] [w ð ɪ n] d) balloons [b ə ˈ lu:nz] [blu:nz] e) sit down [ ˈ s ɪ t ˈ daun] [s ɪ ˈ d aun] f) Pam will miss you [ ˈ pæm w ɪ l ˈ m ɪ s ju:] [ ˈ pæml ˈ m ɪ u] Phonetic drills 1. Practise reading the following sentences: a nice tie – nice ties a red pencil – red pencils a busy day – busy days a fine night – fine nights a large class – large classes a bad pen – bed pens a black desk – black desks a thin neck – thin necks 2. Read the following words paying special attention to the correct positional length of the vowels in them. Write down the transcription. me – mean – meet why – wide – white too – tool – tooth far – barn – park for – born – port I – mine – might say – main – make 3. Practise reading the following words: [ θ s] [ ð z] m ʌ n - m ʌ n s months p α : - p α:ð z paths dep - dep s depths tru: - tru: ð z truths b ɜ: - b ə: s births b α: - b α: ð z baths leŋ - leŋ s lengths mau - mau ð z mouths Yüklə 5,06 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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