Chapter 01 - The Dynamics of Business in a Borderless World
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Chapter 01 The Dynamics of Business in a Borderless World
OBJECTIVES
1. Define basic concepts such as business, product, and profit.
2. Identify the main participants and activities of business, and explain why studying business is important.
3. Define economics, role of supply, demand, and competition in a free enterprise system.
4. Explore some of the factors within the international trade environment that influence business.
5. Investigate some of the economic, legal-political, social, cultural, and technological barriers to
international business.
6. Specify some of the agreements, alliances, and organizations that may encourage trade across international
boundaries.
7. Summarize the different levels of organizational involvement in international trade.
I. The Nature of Business
A. Business refers to the individuals and organizations that seek a profit by providing
products that satisfy people’s needs.
B. Product refers to goods or services with tangible and intangible attributes that
provide satisfaction and benefits. A product can be a good, service, or idea.
C. The goal of business is to earn a profit, the difference between what it costs to make
and sell a product and what a customer pays for it.
1. Nonprofit organizations do not have the fundamental purpose of earning
profits, although they may provide goods or services.
2. Both nonprofit organizations and businesses require management skills,
marketing expertise, and financial resources, and they must abide by laws and
regulations, act in an ethical and socially responsible manner, and adapt to
economic, technological, and social changes.
3. To earn a profit, businesses need to produce quality products, operate efficiently,
and be socially responsible and ethical in dealing with stakeholders—groups
that have a stake in the success and outcomes of a business.
D. The people involved in business activities are the owners, employees, and customers.
1. Owners have to put up the resources to start a business. They can manage the
business themselves or have employees as managers.
2. Employees are responsible for the work that goes on within the business.
3.
The major role of a business is to satisfy the customers who buy its goods and
services.
E. The activities of businesses include primarily management, marketing, and finance.
1. Management is the process of coordinating human, natural, and financial
resources to achieve an organization’s objectives. Management is also concerned
with acquiring, developing, and using resources effectively and efficiently in a
business.
2. Marketing involves all activities designed to provide goods and services that
satisfy consumers’ needs and wants, including gathering information and
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conducting research to determine customer wants; planning and developing
products; and determining price, distribution, and promotion.
3. Finance refers to all activities concerned with obtaining money and using it
effectively.
F. Why Study Business?
1. It can help you develop skills and acquire knowledge to prepare for your future
career.
2. It can help you better understand the many activities necessary to provide goods
and services and appreciate the costs associated with these activities.
3. Business activities help create jobs and contribute to the health of local and
global economies.
II. The Economic Foundations of Business
A. Economics is the study of how resources—or factors of production—are distributed
for the production of goods and services within a social system.
1. Natural resources are land, forests, minerals, water, and other things not made
by people.
2. Human resources are the physical and mental abilities that people use to
produce goods and services.
3. Financial resources, or capital, are the funds used to acquire the natural and
human resources needed to provide products.
B. An economic system describes how a society distributes its resources to produce
goods and services that satisfy the needs of its people. All economic systems must
answer three questions:
1. What goods and services and how much of each will satisfy the needs of the
consumer?
2. How will the goods and services be produced? Who will produce them and with
what resources?
3. How are the goods and services to be distributed?
C. The Forces of Supply and Demand
1. Demand is the quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing to buy
for different prices at a specific time. Consumers will usually buy more of an
item as its price falls.
2. Supply is the quantity of goods and services that businesses are willing to sell
for different prices at a specific time. Usually, sellers are willing to sell more of a
product at higher prices.
3. An equilibrium price is the point at which supply and demand curves intersect,
indicating that supply and demand are equal at that point.
4. Supply and demand constantly change in response to economic conditions,
availability of resources, and degree of competition.
5. Critics of supply and demand say that the system does not distribute resources
equally among the wealthy and the poor.
D. Economic Cycles and Productivity
1. Economic expansion occurs when an economy is growing and people are
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spending more money.
a. Rapid economic expansion may result in inflation, a continuing rise in
prices.
2. Economic contraction occurs when spending declines. It can lead to recessions,
which are marked by a decline in production, employment, and income.
a. Unemployment is measured as the percentage of the population that wants
to work but is unable to find jobs.
b. A depression is a severe recession in which unemployment is very high,
consumer spending is low, and business output is sharply reduced.
3. Economies constantly expand and contract in response to changes in consumer,
business, and government spending.
4. Countries measure the state of their economies to determine whether they are
expanding or contracting and whether corrective action is necessary to minimize
fluctuations.
a. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the sum of all goods and services
produced in a country during a year.
1) GDP measures only those products made within a country, not profits
earned from companies’ overseas operations.
2) It also does not take into account the sum relative to the country’s
population; GDP per capita does.
b. Budget deficits occur when a nation spends more than it takes in from taxes.
III. The American Economy
A. The Role of the Entrepreneur
1. An entrepreneur risks his or her wealth, time, and effort to develop for profit an
innovative product or way of doing something.
2. The free enterprise system provides the conditions for entrepreneurs to succeed.
B. The Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility in Business
2. Business ethics generally refers to the standards and principles used by society to
define appropriate and inappropriate conduct in the workplace. In many cases
these standards have been codified as laws.
3. Society is increasingly demanding that businesspeople behave ethically and
socially responsibly toward customers and other stakeholders.
4. The reputations of businesses depend not only on bottom line profits, but also on
ethical conduct and the concern for other’s welfare.
IV. The Role of International Business
A. International business refers to the buying, selling, and trading of goods and
services across national boundaries.
1. Falling political barriers and new technology are making it possible for more
companies to sell their products in new markets.
2. As differences among nations continue to narrow, the trend toward the
globalization of business is becoming increasingly important.
B. Why Nations Trade
1. Nations and businesses engage in trade (a) to obtain raw materials and goods that
might otherwise be unavailable to them or that are available elsewhere at a lower
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price, or (b) to sell surplus materials or goods to acquire funds to buy the goods,
services, and ideas its people need.
2. As a result of some countries gaining a comparative advantage over another. in
the provision of some services, some companies are outsourcing, or transferring
manufacturing and other tasks to countries where human resources, labor, and
supplies are less expensive.
C. Trade Between Countries
1. Exporting is the sale of goods and services to foreign markets.
2. Importing is the purchase of goods and services from foreign sources.
D. Balance of Trade
1. A nation’s balance of trade is the difference in value between its exports and
imports.
a. A trade deficit—a negative balance of trade—is potentially harmful because
it can mean the failure of businesses, the loss of jobs, and a lowered standard
of living.
b. When a nation exports more goods than it imports, it has a favorable balance
of trade, or trade surplus.
2. The balance of payments is the difference between the flow of money into and
out of a country.
a. A country’s balance of trade, foreign investments, foreign aid, loans, military
expenditures, and money spent by tourists comprise its balance of payments.
b. A country with a trade surplus generally has a favorable balance of payments
because it is receiving more money from trade with foreign countries than it
is paying out.
V. International Trade Barriers
A. Completely free international trade seldom exists, and there are numerous challenges
to conducting business across international borders.
B. Economic Barriers
1. Economic Development
a. When considering doing business abroad, businesspeople need to recognize
that they cannot take for granted that other countries offer the same things as
found in their own country.
1) Industrialized nations are economically advanced countries such as the
United States, Japan, Great Britain, and Canada.
2) Less-developed countries (LDCs) are less economically advanced than
industrialized nations and are characterized by a lower per capita
income.
3) LDCs are a huge and growing market for many products, and many
companies are realizing the huge profit potential there.
b. A country’s level of development is determined by its infrastructure, the
physical facilities that support its economic activities.
2. Exchange Rates
a. The ratio at which one nation’s currency can be exchanged for another
nation’s currency is the exchange rate.
1) Influences the cost of imports and exports.
b. Devaluation occurs when a government decreases the value of its currency in
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relation to other currencies.
1) Encourages other nations to buy more of a country’s goods and services.
c. Reevaluation increases the value of a currency relative to other currencies. It
occurs rarely.
C. Ethical, Legal and Political Barriers
1. A company that enters the international marketplace must contend with
potentially complex relationships among the different laws of its own nation,
international laws, and the laws of the nation with which it will be trading.
2. Tariffs and Trade Regulations.
a. Tariffs and other trade restrictions are part of a country’s legal structure.
b. An import tariff is a tax levied by a nation on imported goods.
1) A fixed tariff is a specific amount of money levied on each unit of
product brought into the country.
2) Countries sometimes levy tariffs for political reasons.
3) Import tariffs are more commonly employed to protect domestic
products by raising the price of imported ones.
c. Exchange controls restrict the amount of currency that can be bought or
sold.
d. A quota limits the number of units of a particular product that can be
imported into a country.
e. An embargo prohibits trade in a specific good. It may be established for
political, economic, health, or religious reasons.
f. A common reason for setting quotas or tariffs is to prohibit dumping, the
selling of products for less than it costs to produce them.
1) A company may dump its products because it permits quick entry into a
market; the domestic market for the firm’s product is too small to
support an efficient level of production; or because technologically
obsolete products are no longer salable in the country of origin.
3. Political Barriers
a. Businesses must consider the political instability of the countries where they
want to set up operations: Political unrest may create a hostile or even
dangerous environment for business.
b. Political considerations may lead to the formation of a cartel, a group of
firms or nations that agree to act as a monopoly and not compete with each
other, to create a competitive advantage in world markets.
D. Social and Cultural Barriers
1. Most businesspeople engaged in international trade underestimate the importance
of social and cultural differences.
2. Differences in body language and personal space may generate uncomfortable
feelings and misunderstanding when businesspeople of different countries
negotiate with each other.
1) Body language is nonverbal, usually unconscious communication
through gestures, posture, and facial expression.
2) Personal space is the distance at which one person feels comfortable
talking to another.
3) Acceptable gestures also vary from culture to culture.
3. The people of other nations often have a different perception of the importance
of time.
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4. Companies engaged in foreign trade must observe the national and religious
holidays and local customers of the host country.
5. Problems linked to cultural and social differences may be minimized through
research.
E. Technological Barriers.
1. Lack of technological infrastructures can be viewed as a barrier or as an
opportunity.
2. Changes in technology also bring new challenges and competition.
VI. Trade Agreements, Alliances, and Organizations
A. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
1. The General Trade Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided a
forum for tariff negotiations and discussions of international trade problems.
a. The World Trade Organization, an international organization dealing with
the rules of trade between nations, was created in 1995 by the Uruguay
Round of GATT negotiations.
b. The WTO provides legal ground rules for international commerce and helps
producers of goods and services and exporters and importers conduct
business.
c. The WTO serves as a forum for trade negotiations, monitors national trade
policies, provides technical assistance and training for developing countries,
cooperates with other international trade organizations, and perhaps most
importantly, negotiates trade disputes among member nations.
B. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect in 1994
and merged Canada, the U.S., and Mexico into one market.
1. NAFTA has eliminated most tariffs and trade restrictions on agricultural and
manufactured products among the three countries.
a. NAFTA makes it easier for U.S. businesses to invest in Mexico and Canada;
provides protection for intellectual property; and expands trade by requiring
equal treatment of U.S. firms in both countries.
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