Diapositivo 1



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FORM
MODAL VERBS do not have a third person –s
Ex: She can swim. (not - She cans swim.)
MODAL VERBS use inversion of the subject in questions
Ex: Can I come in? (not – Do I can come in?)
MODAL VERBS take the bare infinitive (without “to”)
Ex: I should go now. (not – I should to go now.)
MODAL VERBS take “not” to form the negative
Ex: You can’t smoke in here. (not – You don’t can smoke in here.)
USE
MODAL VERBS can have more than one meaning.
What does “can” mean in each sentence?
Can I go to the cinema?
He can speak five languages.
In this case someone is asking for PERMISSION
In this case someone is talking about ABILITIES
ABILITY
He can run quite fast.
CAN / COULD (being able to do something)
ability in the present
lack of ability in the present
ability in the past
lack of ability in the past
He could run quite fast when he was younger.
I can’t speak English fluently.
I couldn’t speak English at all a year ago.
PERMISSION
Can / could / may I answer the phone, please?
CAN / COULD / MAY
asking for permission to do something
giving permission
CAN (less formal) COULD (formal) MAY (more formal)
Yes, you can / may. You can / may answer your phone.
refusing permission
No, you can’t / may not.
To give or refuse permission we use CAN/MAY but not COULD.
POSSIBILITY (1)
There is someone at the door. It may / might / could be Ann.
MAY / MIGHT / COULD
to show that something is possible, but not certain
MAY(more possible) MIGHT/COULD (less possible)
We do not use COULDN’T to express uncertainty in the present.
It may not / might not be Ann.
to express a present/future uncertainty
POSSIBILITY (2)
It can be very cold in winter.
(it is sometimes very cold)
It could be very cold in winter.
(sometimes it was very cold)
CAN/ COULD
to make general statements about what is/was possible
It’s nearly 6. They should be here any minute.
to suggest something that is true or will happen
SHOULD (very likely or certain)
POSSIBILITY (3)
You haven’t eaten all
day. You must be
quite hungry.
MUST
to show that we are sure something to be true (we have reasons for it)
She can’t be in Italy. I saw her today.
We knew it couldn’t be true.
to show that something is impossible
CAN’T / COULDN’T
OBLIGATION
You must stop at a red
light.
MUST (strong obligation)
to say that it is necessary to do something
He should drive more carefully.
You shouldn’t drink and drive.
to show what is right / appropriate to do
SHOULD(N’T) (weak obligation)
PROHIBITION
You mustn’t / can’t smoke here.
MUSTN’T / CAN’T
to show that something is prohibited / not allowed
Can’t tells us that something is against the rules. 
Mustn’t is usually used when the obligation comes from the person who is speaking.
ADVICE / SUGGESTIONS
You should send him
an email. You should see a doctor.
SHOULD(N’T) / COULD
to make a suggestion and give advice
We could meet at the weekend.
to make a suggestion
REQUESTS
Would you carry this for
me please?
Could I have the bill please?
CAN / COULD / WILL / WOULD
to tell or ask someone to do something
Can you take a message please? Will you carry this for me please?
can and will are less polite
OFFERS / INVITATIONS
Can I help you? Shall I call the police?
CAN / COULD / SHALL / WILL / WOULD
We use Can I? / Shall I?
to make offers
I can do that for you if you like. I’ll do that for you if you like. I could give him a lift.
We say I can ... or I could ... or I’ll (I will) ... to make an offer
Would you like my help?
Would you like to go to the cinema?
We use would you like (to) ... for offers and invitations
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