Икт в реализации системы контроля, оценки и мониторинга учебных достижений

Phonetic features of the ancient period of the the studying period

1. Old English Vowels and Consonants.

The Old English sound system, consisting of vowels and consonants, developed from the PG (Proto-Germanic) system.

Old English vowels are divided into monophthongs and diphthongs. They could be long and short.

VOWELS

• The monophthongs are: a æ e i u y o

å ā ǣ ē ī ū ȳ ō

• The diphthongs are: ea eo ie io

ēā ēō īē īō

In OE there existed a parallelism between short and long vowels (except for a). In the diphthong the 2nd element was more open than the first.

CONSONANTS

The system of consonants in OE manifested the following peculiarities. 1. The consonants were divided into:

• labial (губные) sounds – p, b, m, w, f, v;
• velar (задненёбные) and palatal (нёбные) – k, h, g, ɣ, j;
• dental (зубные) – t, d, r, l, n, s, z, θ,ð.

CONSONANTS

2. The absence of affricates (аффрикаты) and sibilants (свистящие, шипящие).

3. Dependence of the quality of the consonants on the environment (окружение) in the word:

• a) phonemes, denoted by the letters f, þ (ð), s could be voiced or voiceless. They were voiced in the intervocal position. This position could be made up of a vowel and a voiced consonant.

CONSONANTS

hlāf, oft [f] – hlaford, lifde [v]

tōþ [θ] – tōþes [ð]

ʒōs [s] – ʒōses [z]

But doubled consonants were always voicelss: offrian [f:] (предлагать), sceþþan [θ:] (вредить), cyssan [s:] (целовать).