34
Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 57/2021
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR TO YOUNG LEARNERS
Podavets O.,
senior lecturer of the Foreign Languages Department,
Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay city, Kazakhstan
Gerok-Yerzhanova O.
the senior lecturer of the Foreign Languages Department,
Kostanay Regional University; Kostanay city, Kazakhstan
Abstract
The authors made an attempt to review the methodology of English teaching and learning process, to arise
the problems that the young kids meet while learning, to consider the best ways of teaching grammar to young
learners from the authors` point of view.
Keywords: Methods, methodology, strategy, English language teaching and learning process, acquisition,
pre-viewing, while viewing and post-viewing.
English is becoming increasingly popular. A lot of
people need it for studying or working purposes. The
number of people learning English is rising throughout
the world. However, we are going to speak about young
learners. In spite of existed and used methods of Eng-
lish teaching all young learners aim the problem of
grammar acquisition. Speaking about teachers of Eng-
lish in Kazakhstan we should mention that there is no
one methodology used by all them, that`s why we try to
consider the main components of teaching process.
We are interested in methodology of teaching
English grammar. What`s teaching grammar? Teaching
grammar is a process, which has been a problem for
many language teachers around the world. Besides,
teaching grammar to young learners is of great interest.
That`s why we paid great attention to teaching grammar
to children by means of cartoons. Taking into consider-
ation all these facts we made up our minds to use the
most interesting and colorful cartoons produced by Dis-
ney company, but it`ll be the next publication because
we need to study theoretical material thoughtfully.
Let`s consider all the peculiarities of young learn-
ers! The young language learners are those who are
learning a foreign language and who are doing so dur-
ing the first 6 or 7 years of formal schooling. Lynne
Cameron defines young learners as “those between five
and twelve years of age” [1; 20]. Scott and Ytreberg
understand young learners as “pupils (…) between five
and ten or eleven years old” [2; 7]. However we
shouldn`t forget about the fact that there is a big differ-
ence between a five-year old child and an eleven-year
old because of the most sensitive period, when the
young learners acquired their native language, they can
speak, read and write in it.
Those opinions give some important notes about
children’s special characteristics in learning the lan-
guage. They are as the following:
1. They have a very short attention and concen-
tration span.
2. They use language skills long before they are
aware of them.
3. When working or playing they like to be ac-
companied with others. Most of them do not like to
work alone.
Children sometimes have problems to distinguish
the real world from the imaginary world and of course,
they can`t always understand the world of adults. The
teacher needs to use the instructions in an appropriate
way and use the language and phrases so that the chil-
dren can easily get the message. Firstly, a teacher of
English should keep an eye contact with children and
secondly, the teacher should go down to eye level of
children and not rise above them in order to create the
trustful atmosphere.
The essentials for children’s daily communication
are not the same as for adults. That`s why teachers often
use the English language in a playful and exploratory
way [3; 8].
Children need physical movements and real activ-
ities to stimulate their thinking, they tend to be keen and
enthusiastic learners if they are taught using fun activi-
ties or being involved in activities: they love to play,
and learn best when they are enjoying themselves.
Children respond the language well through con-
crete things (visual things) rather than abstract things.
They learn by mimics, using gestures and body move-
ments. The physical world is very important and domi-
nant at all times.
Making lessons more interesting for them is one
of the most necessary and essential parts in teaching
grammar. As for the aims of teaching English to young
learners they should:
• encourage open-mindedness and tolerance by
learning different ways of thinking and learning.
• improve creativity.
• improve cognitive skills and support abstract
thinking.
These following strategies try to introduce some
language skills or components in an action. Using them
the teachers can develop and improve listening and
speaking skills that can be an option to learn grammar
patterns easily. After considering psychological peculi-
arities and complexity of grammar comprehension by
young learners we decided to consider the following
Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 57/2021
35
strategies of teaching grammar to young students which
exist in the teaching English methodology throughout
the world.
Let`s consider the first strategy: Demonstration.
Demonstration includes the use of real objects,
performing actions, using gestures, and facial expres-
sions-mime. It is used for presenting words like a toy,
a book or a hat. Demonstration can be used for sentence
patterns that stand for concrete ideas. For example, say-
ing “I am looking at my watch”, or “I am cleaning the
Blackboard” while performing these actions. The
teaching strategy includes the teacher`s demonstration
and students` repetition with feedback from the teacher.
Demonstration is important. Demonstration builds con-
nections between new knowledge and what the child
already knows.
The second strategy is Choral Drill
In Choral Drill the children all chant together fol-
lowing along as the teacher leads. It is the repeating of
poems, nursery rhymes, the alphabet, an alphabet song,
sentence patterns, and vocabulary lists. Children repeat
the melody and rhythm. Choral Drill presented speak-
ing aloud and verbatim memorization. This occurred in
unison or in the form of echo recitation. The purpose
was for transfer to the long-term memory. Current brain
research supports the idea of speaking aloud generates
more electrical energy in the brain than just thinking
about something [5]. Choral drill is also a powerful way
to cause overlearning to occur. Over-learning, that is,
continuing to recite after something is memorized, cre-
ates deeper memory traces that make for longer reten-
tion [6].
Strategy 3: Look and Say
Look and Say is the technique of students listening
to the teacher and looking at the object or print, then
repeating a word or sentence after the teacher. Children
either watch as the teacher points to the words on the
chalkboard or individually point to the print on a page
or in a textbook.
Strategy 4: Pictorial Illustration
Pictorial illustration is the use of blackboard draw-
ings, diagrams, sketches, match-stick figures, photo-
graphs, maps, and textbook illustrations. These are used
for presenting words and structures that stand for con-
crete ideas.
Strategy 5: Verbal Illustration
Teachers at each level used Verbal Illustration.
Sometimes this was simply giving a phrase or sentence
that showed the typical use of the word in context, as in
“the sky is blue”.
Strategy 6: Association
Association was used for presenting vocabulary
items. Teachers used Association for synonyms, anto-
nyms, and simple definitions. For example, blossom —
flower (synonym), diligent — hardworking (synonym),
fresh — stale (antonym), lad — means a boy (defini-
tion).
Strategy 7: Questioning
Questioning is another strategy that is used in les-
sons at all levels. It is used in the introduction. The
questioning section of the lessons appeared to be for the
purpose of developing thinking processes for concept
formation.
Strategy 8: Storytelling is effective for early for-
eign language classes
Storytelling can be effective for teaching English
to young learners for the following reasons:
The purpose of telling a story is genuinely
communicative.
Storytelling is linguistically honest. (It is oral
language, meant to be heard.)
Storytelling is real! (People do it all the time!)
—Storytelling appeals to the affective domain.
Storytelling caters to the individual while
forging a community in the classroom.
Storytelling provides listening experiences
with reduced anxiety.
There are many methods of teaching grammar to
young learners. The principal methods of teaching
grammar are as following: Grammar-Translation, Di-
rect, Audio-lingual and Communicative Language
Teaching. It is evident that we can use other new and
innovative approaches to teach grammar such as Silent
Way, Total Physical Response, Community Language
Learning, Natural Approach and Suggestopedia.
A well-known way to create meaningful context
for teaching English is through using media, which can
be delivered through a wide variety of print, audio, and
visual formats. Integrating videos into lessons creates
enticing visuals and a special interactive environment
in the EFL/ESL classroom. Teaching English through
videos also allows teachers to be creative when design-
ing language lessons. It is possible to state the ad-
vantages of videos via using the terms diversity, facili-
ties and creativity. Videos can be useful particularly to
create learner curiosity and arouse interest. Video ap-
peals to different senses via ‘sound, image, color and
shape’ at the same time. Besides image and sound,
video also offers facilities, which are play transcripts,
subtitles and captions. According to Canning-Wilson
that: “video is at best defined as the selection and se-
quence of messages in an audio-visual context”. What`s
about video approach? There are two layers to video
lessons. One is related to your teaching goals. Will you
show your students a video for listening, vocabulary or
grammar practice? What is the language element you
want them to learn? The second layer is the structure of
the lesson itself. Even if you are sure you want to show
a video to improve listening comprehension, it's not as
simple as just pressing “play”. Each video lesson must
be accompanied by its own lesson plan, and the lesson
plan must be targeted to meet your teaching goals. [7]
Harmer J. had also mentioned that there are three
basic types of video which can be used in class.[4]
1. Off-air programmes
2. Real-world video
3. Language learning videos
Let`s consider these components.
Off-air programmes: Programmes which are rec-
orded from a television channel are called off-air pro-
gramme. Some of them are extremely difficult for stu-
dents to understand, especially where different accents
are used.
36
Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 57/2021
Real-world video:According to Harmer J. there is
no reason why teachers and students should not sepa-
rately use published videotape material such as feature
films or wildlife documentaries, etc.
Language learning videos: Harmer J. had re-
marked that the main advantage of language learning
videos is that they have been designed to student with
potential abilities. However, the danger of language
learning video is that they fail the quality test because
the production is poor, and the situation and the lan-
guage are inauthentic. The teacher’s choice, therefore,
has to be limited to those sequences which the students
will accept and enjoy [4; 125].
After studying the types are started learning the
activities of 3 level model: pre-viewing, while-viewing
and post – viewing activities.
Pre-viewing activities
The pre-viewing activities would be like the
warm-up exercises that we usually have for other types
of activities. If the goal is to teach vocabulary through
a video, then in the pre-viewing activity should intro-
duce new vocabulary, in context, in conversations,
through matching exercises; guess the meaning of the
word activity, etc.
If the goal is to practice grammar, then the pre-
viewing activity should be a review of the tense on
grammar point. Some great activities for pre-viewing
practice are games; fill in the blanks exercises, or any
of the grammar worksheets that can easily be found.
Viewing activities
Viewing activities consist of tasks that students
must complete while watching the video and these
should also be targeted to goals.
When practicing grammar
Because of their very nature (songs are usually
short and often repeat phrases, words, and structures),
music videos are the best for practicing grammar. The
most common type of viewing activity with music vid-
eos is a gap-filling exercise, but teachers can get crea-
tive and try some others.
Post-viewing activities are a nice way to wrap-up
the video lesson and a great opportunity to consolidate
everything which learners have learned in a production
or performance activity.
When focusing on vocabulary
First you introduced some new words, and then
your students saw how they were used in the video.
This is a time for your students to use these new words
themselves. Divide them into pairs, and ask them to
write a conversation or report using this new vocabu-
lary. If your goal was to teach vocabulary related to
weather, and you showed a video of a TV weather re-
port, ask your students to write the weather forecast for
next weekend.
When focusing on grammar
If the goal was to offer some extra grammar prac-
tice, ask your students to produce something that spe-
cifically requires them to use this grammar point.
We studied theoretical material concerning the
teaching grammar to young learners and it was difficult
for us to cover the all necessary items, which we tend
to apply in our practical research and we plan to work
out the lesson plans taking into account all above men-
tioned on the base of the Disney cartoons.
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