THE MOST INFLUENTIAL ECONOMIST: ADAM SMITH
Adam Smith
FRSA (baptized 16 June [O.S. 5 June] 1723
[1]
– 17 July 1790) was a
Scottish
[a]
economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political
economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.
[7]
Seen by some as
"The Father of Economics"
[8]
or "The Father of Capitalism",
[9]
he wrote two classic
works,
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
(1759) and
An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(1776). The latter, often abbreviated as
The
Wealth of Nations
, is considered his
magnum opus
and the first modern work that
treats economics as a comprehensive system and as an academic discipline. Smith
refuses to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms of God's will and
instead appeals to natural, political, social, economic and technological factors and
the interactions between them. Among other economic theories, the work
introduced Smith's idea of absolute advantage.
[10]
Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol
College, Oxford, where he was one of the first students to benefit from
scholarships set up by fellow Scot John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a
successful series of public lectures at the University of Edinburgh,
[11]
leading him
to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith
obtained a professorship at Glasgow, teaching moral philosophy and during this
time, wrote and published
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
. In his later life, he took
a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met
other intellectual leaders of his day.
As a reaction to the common policy of protecting national markets and merchants,
what came to be known as mercantilism—nowadays often referred to as
"cronyism" or "crony capitalism"
[12]
—Smith laid the foundations of classical free
market economic theory.
The Wealth of Nations
was a precursor to the modern
academic discipline of economics. In this and other works, he developed the
concept of division of labour and expounded upon how rational self-interest and
competition can lead to economic prosperity. Smith was controversial in his own
day and his general approach and writing style were often satirised by writers such
as Horace Walpole.
Biography
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