1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

formal and semantic
. 

---

36 
Formal typology
studies the units of the expression plan. It is 
connected with all levels of language hierarchy. Formal typology 
studies the periods of the appearance and transformation of information 
from generation to generation. 
According to its diachronic development the history of the formal 
typology consists of four periods: 
✓
The period before the appearance of the writing system. The 
information was rendered orally; 
✓
The establishment of the first letters. During this period the 
information was rendered by the first letters written on the stones, trees 
and different objects. During this period the information was not widely 
spread; 
✓
The third period is characterized as a period of establishing the 
publishing system of printing system. In this period the information 
became widely spread; 
✓
The fourth period concerns our days, when the information is 
rendered by letters, mobile telephone, TV, radio, e-mail, internet and 
by other formal ways. During this period information is prepared by 
special automatic system. Machines help the people to prepare the 
information. Formal typology concerns all the levels of language 
hierarchy. 
On the phonetic and phonological levels it studies sounds and their 
graphic description, syllable transcription, alphabet, graphic description 
of the phonetic system and etc. 
On the morphological level formal typology studies morphemic 
description, on the syntactic level - syntagmatic description, on the 
lexical level - lexeme description. 
In general on the grammatical level formal typology studies formal 
grammatical models, syntactic patterns and so on. 
Semantic typology
studies two types of meanings: l)lexical 
meaning, which corresponds to the real meaning of the word; 2) 
grammatical meaning, which is more abstract and typical to the whole 
classes of words. 
Semantic typology according to the lexical meaning classifies 
words into different semantic groups of classes, such as a) human 
names; b) names of animals; c) names of planets; d) names of 
instruments; e) place names and so on. Semantic typology studies the 
etymology of human names. Names of human beings may be borrowed 

---

37 
from the names of flowers, animals, instruments, planets, trees and 
different other phenomena. Semantic typology studies: a) grammatical 
categories concerning every part of speech : the category of modality, 
location, voice, tense, etc; b) the relation between logical and 
grammatical categories; c) typological meanings, which characterize 
the semantic sub-system of all languages.