1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

grammatical categories
consist of the grammatical 
form and grammatical meaning. Typology uses grammatical categories 
to compare the morphological level of the language , but grammatical 
categories are not sufficient for typological operations, because 1) they 
are used within the morphological level only, 2) morphological 
paradigms are differently developed in different languages. Besides, 
there are some languages with not developed morphology. 
Notional categories
are established by Danish scholar O. 
Yespersen and Russian linguist I. I. Meshchaninov. They study the 
relations between language and mind. All categories may be of two 
types: linguistic and logical or philosophical. 
Philosophical categories are primary, linguistic categories are 
secondary. They have different relations. In some cases they coincide. 
In other cases they don't correspond to each other, for example, there 
are three real times, which have different realizations. Mainly three 
times must have three time forms in grammar: Present, Past, Future. 

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Besides, in logic there exist two biological sexes: male and female. 
In grammar they correspond to three grammatical genders: masculine, 
feminine, neuter. Philosophical sex or gender is real, and grammatical 
gender is formal. They may correspond only when they express animate 
nouns. 
Functional-semantic categories
are established by A. V. 
Bondarko. Functional-semantic categories are expressed by the units of 
the grammatical and lexical levels. According to its nature any 
functional-semantic category is monolinguistic and is used when the 
system of concrete language is studied. 
Grammatical-lexical fields
are established by E.V.Guliga and
E.I.Shendels. They coincide with functional-semantic categories