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13.Ярцева В.Н. Принципы типологического
исследования
родственных и неродственных языков. В сб. Проблемы
языкознания. М., 1967
14.Ярцева
В.Н. Об аналитических формах. В кн.
Морфологическая структура слова в языках различных типов. М.-
Л., 1963
5. METHODS OF INVESTIGATING FOREIGN AND NATIVE
LANGUAGES
Plan:
1. Language is the system of signs.
2.The idea of the type of the language.
Basic concepts of the subject:
System of signs, word forms, isomorphism, compensation, case
variants, attributive constructions, adjoining, agreement, government,
zero morphemes, synthetic forms, analytical forms, pure type, stable
word order, a two-morpheme structure, a three-morpheme structure ,
case variants
Linguistics has been distinguished from other disciplines since its
inception as an independent discipline, with a focus on distinguishing
between language and speech. But throughout the history of the
development of science, language and speech have not differed in all
respects. Therefore, speech phenomena have often been interpreted as
linguistic phenomena. In the further development of linguistics, great
attention is paid to the distinction between language and speech.
Different approach to the phenomena of language and speech was
first used in Arabic linguistics in the VIII-IX centuries, and later
studying it as a whole system, (formed in the 1920s and called system-
structural linguistics) is given in the works of famous linguists V.
Humboldt, A. Steinthal, Boduen de Curtene.The scientific and practical
differentiation of the phenomena of speech and their units in
language,
and the application of these concepts in a completely new context, is
connected with the doctrine created by Ferdinand de Saussure and his
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followers. The distinction between language and speech, the approach
to language as a system, have been regarded as a revolutionary
phenomenon in 20th century world linguistics.
A language is a set of units that are prepared in advance for all
members of a society, serve to express common and binding ideas for
all, and serve other purposes, as well as the laws of interconnection of
these units. This interpretation of language proves that it is a
psychophysical
phenomenon, that it embodies qualities such as
generality, essence, possibility, cause . Language embodies such
features in concrete forms as special events and realities. From this
point of view, language and speech have their own independent units.
In language, the units and the laws of aggregation differ. A
linguistic unit consists of the unity of two parts:
a) the shape, the outer side
of the linguistic unit;
b) a specific function of a linguistic unit, its spiritual value.
Linguistic unit is stored in the mind as a specific scheme, design,
symbol. For example, the general idea of the pronunciation features of
the phoneme [a] is the same in the language of all members of the
Uzbek-speaking community. This is the outer side of the phoneme [a],
and the inner side is the distinguishing feature. In fact, the inside and
the outside are indistinguishable, but they are not exactly the same. In
the interconnected, interdependent chain of "language ~ speech ability
~ speech", only speech is manifested in external form (oral, written). It
should be noted that language is always nourished by thinking.
Thinking, of course, is nourished by nationality,
environment, and
society. Ferdinand de Saussure explained the relationship between
language and speech according to the rules of chess. The pieces of chess
and the rules of movement of each piece are similar to the linguistic
units in our minds and their ability to combine. The rules of the game
are the same for everyone. A player is like a speaker, and knowing the
game of chess is like a speaker. The movement of the chess pieces can
be compared to making speech. For example,
chess ~ ability to play ~ game;
language ~ speech ability ~ speech.
The language is considered to be the system of signs. The notion
"system" is defined as complex of units, where every unit receives its
quantitative characteristics depending on the other units. Always where
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is a system, there should be two units at least. If one of these units is
omitted there can't be a system.
Below we look at the differences and connections between
language and speech units.
1.
Dostları ilə paylaş: