1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education
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Secondary grammatical categories
Secondary grammatical categories (form of words) are classified according to the plan of meaning (content) and the plan of expression (form) followed by function, that is, while defining any form of the word the linguist should not forget that this form has the meaning followed by function. Therefore after M. N. Peterson we say that the form without the meaning is not the form and the meaning without the form is not the meaning. That's why these two plans are inseparable. As forms of words are defined in morphology, it is reasonable to begin typological analysis of the language with morphological categories. We’ll analyse some grammatical categories in this item of the manual so that we should display the method used as etalon (typological theory , given in item 5 “Methods of investigating foreign and native languages” ) by the authors of the manual for the furher description of the compared languages’ structure. Gram. means English Russian Uzbek Affix- ation Agglutinated affixation book – books, work – worked, red - redder лошадь – лошади Bola – bolalar, kitob - kitoblar Fusional affixation house – houses, child – children, rise – risen, break - broken вязять – вяжу, сидишь - сижу oyoq – oyog’im, tilak - tilagim Sound interchange foot – feet, man – men, rise – rose, break - broke - - The change of the place of the stress in the word - засыпа´ть (несов.вид- засы´пать (сов.вид) - 70 Suppletive forms good – better, bad – worse, go – went, be : am – is – are-was- were иду – шёл, хороший – лучше, плохой - хуже - Combination of function word with notional one go – shall go, beautiful – more beautiful писать- буду писать, читать- буду читать yaxshi – eng yaxshi, baland – eng baland Word order I sleep(intr.v.) in the open air, I sleep(tr.v.) my child in the open air - - Repetition orang – orang(человек- люди) in Indonesian language - - Intonation Father has come? Father has come. Father has come! Отец приехал? Отец приехал. Отец приехал! Dadam keldilar? Dadam keldilar. Dadam keldilar! Grammatical means expressing grammatical meanings in the English and native languages Typological category of case of nouns Under the category of case we understand the meaning denoting relation between objects, actions, signs and means of their material expression. This category is formed by case forms consisted of sound combination or a sound giving concrete meaning to the word it is united 71 with. Some of case forms, making up concrete system of changes, form the declension. Quantity of case forms is not identical in several languages and this fact can be considered as one of the criteria of the typological characteristic of the language. We have already stated that the presence or absence of case forms is connected with the presence or absence and sometimes with the poor developed system of prepositions. For example, Finnish language possesses 14 case forms of nouns and therefore sum of prepositions is very few here. The English language, which has the limited system of case forms possesses considerable sum of prepositions. There are languages where nouns don't possess the system of case forms. Bulgarian, Italian, French, Russian and Uzbek languages possess 6 case forms. Analyzing the meaning of each case form as the special grammatical category we notice that it has composite character and consists of some sems (the smallest meanings). One of the meanings is objectness as the category of case is peculiar to the nouns ( in English) denoting objects and phenomena. Another meaning is belonging of nouns to the concrete grammatical gender (in Russian). The third meaning is number: plurality and singularity. Fourth is the meaning of animate and inanimate objects. These meanings are called sems. So under the meaning of sem we consider the smallest and indivisible element of grammatical meaning. In Russian the category of case is characterized by the presence of the following sems: 1. objectness 2. gender 3. number 4. animate and inanimate objects Besides these sems every case form in Russian possesses its own meaning, for ex., accusative case expresses the direction of the action. One of the meanings of the genitive case is the meaning of possession. In Uzbek the category of case of nouns doesn't possess these sems, as it does in Russian. The category of case of nouns in Uzbek corresponds only to the first characteristic in Russian that is the meaning of objectness. It doesn't possess 2nd, 3rd, 4th characteristics. Because case forms in Uzbek are monosemantic, case forms in Russian are polysemantic. There is a typological similarity between the Uzbek and English languages, as English case forms: common case and genitive case are monosemantic too. |