1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

 
8. TYPOLOGY OF WORD FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH 
AND NATIVE LANGUAGES 
 
Plan: 
1.
Word formation in the English and native languages 
2.
Similarities and distinctions in the English and native languages 
in the field of word-formation 
 
Basic concepts of the subject: 
Lexicography, transformation, isomorphous and allomorphous 
units, interlevel correspondence, literal translation, compiling 
dicitionaries, conformity of words, the stage of analysis, the stage of 
synthesis, comparative lexicography, stylistically marked units,
stylistically non-marked units. 
 
In linguistics word formation is the creation of a new word.
Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which 
is a change in a single word's meaning. Word formation can also be 
contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, though 
sometimes words can form multi-word phrases. Word building is one 
of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. The words can consist of the 
root and affixal morphemes.The boundary between word formation and 
semantic change can be difficult to define, as a new use of the previous
word can be seen as a new word derived from the previous one will be 
identical to it in form. 
Word formation in Gemanic languages mainly takes place by 
means of compounding and affixation . Compounds are usually right-
headed, and there is often a linking element in N+N-compounds that 
derives historically from a case ending . In addition to endocentric
compounds there are also copulative compounds. Compounding also 
takes place with roots of Greek and Latin origion that do not occur as 
words by themselves. Some compound consituents have developed into 
affixoids. Affixation is used to derive words of major categories: 

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nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Some of these affixes behave
phonologically similar to compound constituents. Many non-native 
affixes , identified on the basis of sets of borrowed non-native complex 
words , are being used in word formation as well. Other means of word 
formation are affix substitution , conversion, reduplication , prosodic 
morphology , abbreviation and blending. For the construction of 
numerals above 20 , syntactic coordination may be used. The word 
formation patterns of Germanic languages have been strongly 
influenced by contact with Greek, Latin and French. In addition they 
have been influenced by contact with English. 
The following ways of word-formation are observed in the English 
and native languages. 
Type of word-
formation 
Russian 
Uzbek 
English 
Phonological 
м’ука – мук’а 
з’амок – зам’ок 
‘olma 
– 
olm’a 
y’angi 
– 
yang’i 
‘present-
pre’sent 
Morphological 
(affixation) 
ночь – ночник 
ходить
выходить 
ish – ishchi 
bola - bolalik 
write-writer 
Compounding of 
words 
диван - кровать oziq - ovqat notebook, 
blackboard 
Compounding of 
stems