Gerund: as an AM of time it may characterize the main verb from the view point of priority, simultaneity or posteriority. It may also indicate the starting point of the action. The prepositions used are on, after, in, before, since. Ex.: I had a lot of thoughts since leaving the office.
As an AM of reason it is introduced by the prepositions because of, for, from, for fear of, on account of. Ex.: So you see I couldn’t sleep for worrying.
10. Verbals as AM of Attendant Circumstances, Manner, Purpose and Comparison Gerund: as an AM of Att.C. it requires the preposition without. Ex.: They danced without speaking.
As an AM of Purpose it is introduced by the preposition for, though, this pattern is rather rare.
Ex.: They took her to the station for questioning.
As an AM of Manner the Gerund generally occurs with the prepositions by or without.
Ex.: You will achieve a lot by telling the truth.
Participle 1:the meaning of AC is one of the most characteristic of P1, it is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect P1. P1 denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state, denote by the main verb.
Ex.: Deb was silent, fidgeting with the spoon in her saucer. The verbs frequently used in this way are durative. When a non-durative verb occurs, it would be more exact to call it an adverbial of subsequent event or action, as in Ex.: Once a month Tommy came in for a brief drink, disappearing at my nod about ten past seven.
As an AM of Manner is akin to an AM of AC. The difference consists in the fact that an AM of Manner characterizes the action of the main verb.
Ex.: He came in limping. - He came in carrying the parcel.
As an AM of comparison P1 is always preceded by the conjunctions as if, as though. Ex.: As if obeying him, I turned and stared into his face.
