1. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Infinitive

Participle 2: as an AM of comparison is used with the conjunctions as if, as though.
Ex.: “I get off the train” he repeated as if hyhpotized.
Infinitive: as an AM of purpose. In this function the action denoted by the Infinitive is always a hypothetical action following the action denoted by the predicate. As such it can be expressed only by Indefinite Infinitive Active/ Passive + to.
Ex.: I think I will go to England to improve my English.
The position of the Infinitive used as AM of purpose is varies. It usually stands after the predicate, though the position at the beginning of the sentence is also possible:
Ex.: To occupy her mind, however, she took the job given her.
In both positions the Infinitive may be preceded by the conjunction in order. (In order, to see her better, he had to turn his head)
It may also be introduced by the conjunction so as, as if, as though and the preposition except, in which case it acquires the additional meaning of manner (so as), comparison (as if, as though) and exception (except):
Ex.: She bent down as if to look at the flowers. He turned away so as to conceal his tears.
Lastly, the infinitive of purpose may be modified by limiting particles:
Ex.: I am here just to see you off. He came down only to say good night to you.
As an AM of AC shows what other actions take place at the same time as the action of the predicate.
As an AM of comparison refers to predicate groups including adjectives or adverbs in the comparative degree. The Infinitive itself is introduced by than.
Ex.: He knew better than to rely on her. To give is more blessed than to receive.


11. Speak on verbals as Parenthesis, Adverbial Modifiers of Result, Concession and Condition
The Infinitive as parenthesis is always used in the beginning of the sentence. To cut a long story short (to put it in a nutshell) – короче говоря); to say the least – чтобы не сказать больше; to tell you the truth (to speak the truth) – по правде говоря); to put it mildly – мягко говоря; to say nothing of – не говоря уже о; to be quite frank – откровенно говоря.
e.g. To begin with, there wasn’t much to listen. To crown it all, I had an accident the other day.
as adverbial modifier of consequence (result) the infinitive depends on the adjectives and adverbs modified by too (-), adjectives, adverbs and nouns modified by enough (+), adjectives modified by s, and nouns modified by such. In the last 2 cases the Infinitive is introduced by as.
e.g. He was too tired to argue. He’s old enough to learn this. She was so kind as to accept my proposal.
As adverbial modifier of condition the Infinitive denotes an action the realization of which pre-conditions the realization of the action f the predicate. The conditional meaning is often supported by the subjunctive mood form of the predicate denoting the consequence of this action:
e.g. I’ll thank you to take your hands off me. (I’ll thank you, if you…)
The infinitive may either precede or follow the predicate verb it modifies. Only Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. It is used with verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear, to see) and those provoking sense perception (to look, to listen, to touch, to watch).
Participle 1
As parenthesis forms the headword of a participial phrase, the meaning of which is a comment upon the contents of the whole sentence or sometimes part of it. The commenting may take the form of a logical restriction or personal attitude. Can be used such phrases as generally/ properly/ roughly/ legally/ strictly speaking, putting it mildly, judging by (from), allowing for (учитывая то, что), taking everything into consideration.
e.g. Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.. Generally speaking the best why to get away from his talk to say that you want to sleep.
The Gerund
As adverbial modifier of concession. It is preceded by the preposition in spite of
e.g. I don’t ask any questions in spite of there being a lot of questions to ask.
As adverbial modifier of condition. Is used with prepositions without, but for, in case of.
e.g. But for meeting John, I shouldn’t have become an English teacher.
Participle 2
May serve as an adverbial modifier of: condition, mostly with the conjunction if or unless
e.g. If sent immediately, the telegram will be delivered in time. John will speak for hours, unless interrupted.
May serve as an adverbial modifier of concession, with the conjunction though or although
e.g. Though frightened, he didn’t tell the judge all the truth. Although cooked for several hours, meat was still tough.