1. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Infinitive

8. Participle 1 & Participle 2 as an Attribute.
Participle 1:
This function is peculiar to non-perfect P1 in its main sense, that of a process simultaneous with the action denoted by the main verb or with the moment of speech. It corresponds to the Russian imperfective participle, usually active: leading-ведущий, asking-спрашивающий. The passive P1 corresponds to the Russian imperfective passive participle: being asked-спрашиваемый.
When a participial phrase is used as A it follows the modified noun. Its verbal character is evident from its verbal combinability & sometimes from the passive form itself. A participial phrase may be a) non-detached or b) detached.
Ex.: a) Ann sat in the chair facing the door. b) Once a month Ann, arriving separately, came in for a brief drink.
A detached participial phrase is set off from the modified noun by a comma in writing & by a pause in speech.
When a single P is used as A, it generally functions as a premodifier. Here we usually find only P1 active of intransitive verbs. Its verbal character is clear from the processual meaning of the verb itself: living people, a sleeping dog.
Participle 2:
P2 usually functions either as premodifier when it stands alone (a) or forms a very short participial phrase containing an adverb (b). The verbal character of the P in the 1 case is made only by its lexical meaning:
Ex.: a) First of all she went to the bombed building. b) our minds should meet n a serious, mutually needed search for common understanding.
It was a neatly written letter.
Sometimes the preposition is kept: Ex.: The room even had a faint perfume about it which gave it a lived-in air.
As a post modifier P2 manifests its verbal character more explicitly, even when it stands alone. it may be accompanied by a preposition, by a agentive by-object, an adverb & prepositional phrases as AM.
Ex.: Things seen are mightier than things heard.
When P2 or a Participial phrase is detached, its position is not fixed. It may occupy the initial position, the mid-position or the final position in the sentence. Detached A-s are separated from the noun by a comma in writing & by a pause in speech. They are confined to literary style only.
Ex.: Greatly exited, the children followed her into the garden.