Hokan: Achomawi ku¯
an ‘silver fox,’ Tonkawa ÷ekuan ‘dog,’ North
Yana kuwan-na ‘lynx,’ Yurimangui kwan ‘dog’; Central Amerind: Je-
mez kiano, Isleta kuyanide, Taos kwiane-, Tewa tux
w
ana ‘fox, coyote,’
Zacapoaxtla it
s
kwiin-ti ‘dog,’ Chatina ˇcuni, Popoloca kuniya, Ixcatec
÷
uni˜
na, Chocho ÷u˜
na; Chibchan-Paezan: Guamaca kensi; Equatorial: Es-
meralda kine; Macro-Ge: Came okong, Serra do Chagu hong-kon. [
A 86,
CAN, UOL 176, AMN
]
10 KU(N) ‘who?’
Khoisan:
=Au.//eˆı kama ‘when, if,’ xa (interrogative particle), !Kung ka
‘when,’ !k˜
u(-de) ‘who’; G//abake /kam ‘when,’ Naron kama ‘when, if,’
Nama hamo ‘when,’; /Xam !ku(dèxa) ‘who,’ xa (interrogative particle).
[
SAK 384, 388, 757, 764, UOL 70
]
Niger-Congo:
Pam këÌg´e ‘which,’ Dama k´
a÷¯ı ‘which,’ Jukun ´
ak¯e ‘what,’
Proto-Bantu *k´ı
∼ k´a ‘which,’ Swahili ga-ni ‘what, why, what kind.’ [
BA
]
Nilo-Saharan:
Fur kii ‘who,’ ka ‘what,’ Daza ka ‘which,’ Masai ka ‘which,’
Didinga Ñani ‘who’ (< *kani ?), Liguri keneen ‘who,’ Nyala k-rem ‘how
many,’ Shatt k-re˜
n ‘how many,’ Shabo kukne ‘who.’ [
NS 149, CN 126, HF
12
]
Afro-Asiatic:
Proto-Afro-Asiatic *k(w)
∼ *q(w) ‘who’; Semitic: Proto-
Semitic *kV ‘how,’ Arabic ka, Geez kama, Aramaic kë, Akkadian kima
∼
ki ‘how,’ South Arabian ko ‘how, why,’ Mehri ¯
uk¯
o ‘why’; ?Berber: Tuareg
akken ‘how,’ Gdames (më-)k; Cushitic: Proto-Cushitic *kw ‘who,’ Somali
k´
u-ma ‘who (masc.),’ Oromo ka-mi ‘who,’ aka ‘how’; Omotic: Kaffa k¯
o-n¯e
‘who,’ Mao konne, Kullo hone, Wolamo ¯
one, Beja k¯
ak(u) ‘how’; Chadic:
Proto-Chadic *k’(w) ‘who,’ Hausa k’`
¯
a, Bura ga ‘what,’ Logone γwani,
Somrai k¯
ana ‘who,’ Mubi gin. [
N 232, UOL 70
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *k
w
o
∼ *k
w
i ‘who,’ *-k
w
e (coordi-
nating conjunction); Indic: Sanskrit kas ‘who’; Iranian: Avestan k¯
o; Ar-
menian o (< *k
w
o); Anatolian: Hittite kuiˇs ‘who,’ kuit ‘what,’ Luwian
kui ‘who,’ Lydian qis ‘who,’ qid ‘what’; Albanian k¨e ‘whose’; Italic: Latin
quis ‘who,’ quis-que ‘whoever,’ quod ‘what,’ quam ‘how, as,’ quom ‘when,’
(arma virum)-que ‘(arms) and (the man)’; Celtic: Old Irish cia ‘who,’ cid
‘what’; Germanic: Gothic hwas ‘who,’ English who, what, when, where,
why, how; Baltic: Old Prussian kas ‘who,’ ka ‘what’; Slavic: Old Church
Slavic k
b
to ‘who’; Tocharian: Tocharian A kus ‘who, what.’ [
IE 644, N 232,
EU, UOL 70
]
Uralic:
Proto-Uralic (R´edei) *ke
∼ *ki ‘who,’ (R´edei) *ku ∼ *ko ‘who,
which, ?what’; Yukaghir kin ‘who,’ hon ‘where,’ hadi ‘which,’ hodier
‘why’; Proto-Uralic (Illich-Svitych) *ke
∼ *ko ∼ *ku ‘who’; Samoyed:
304
14. Global Etymologies
Yurak hu ‘who,’ huna ‘where,’ Tavgy kua ‘which,’ kuninu ‘where,’ kune
‘when,’ Selkup kutte ‘who,’ kun ‘where,’ Kamassian kaam˜
on ‘when’; Ugric:
Vogul kon ‘who,’ qun ‘when,’ Ostyak h˘
ojë ‘who,’ h˘
otë ‘what,’ hun ‘when,’
Hungarian ki ‘who’; Finnic: Finnish ken
∼ kene ∼ ke ∼ ku ∼ kuka ‘who,’
kussa ‘where,’ koska ‘when,’ Saami gi
∼ gæ ∼ gutti ‘who,’ gokt˘e ‘how,’
Mordvin ki ‘who,’ Cheremis ke
∼ k¨o ∼ k¨u ∼ kud˜o, Votyak kin ‘who,’
kin-ke ‘someone,’ ku ‘when,’ Zyrian kin ‘who,’ kod ‘which,’ ko ‘when.’
[
U 44, 46, N 223, 232, EU, KR 140, 191
]
Turkic:
Proto-Turkic *k‘Em ‘who,’ *ka
∼ *qa (interrogative base), Chuvash
kam ‘who,’ Old Turkish k¨
am ‘who,’ qa-˜
nu ‘which,’ qa-na ‘where,’ Old
Uighur kim ‘who,’ qaju ‘which,’ qajda ‘where,’ Tatar kem ‘who,’ Karagas
kum
∼ kym, Jakut kim, Old Oguz qanda ‘where.’ [
N 223, 232, EU, UOL 70
]
Mongolian:
Proto-Mongolian *k˙e-n ‘who,’ *ka ‘where, whither,’ Written
Mongolian ken ‘who,’ qa-mi-ga ‘where,’ Khalkha xeÑ ‘who,’ x¯
ana ( < *ka-
ga-na) ‘where,’ Kalmyk ken ‘who,’ x¯
a ( < *ka-ga) ‘where, whither,’ Moghol
ken ‘who.’ [
N 223, 232, EU
]
Tungus:
Proto-Tungus *xa ‘what, how, how much,’ Nanai xaj ‘what,’ xadu
‘how much,’ xoni ‘how,’ Manchu aj ‘what,’ udu ‘how much,’ Udihe ¯ı
‘what,’ adi ‘how much,’ ono ‘how,’ Even ¯ı-r¨
ak ‘how,’ adi ‘how much,’
¯
on(i) ‘how.’ [
N 232, EU
]
Korean
ka (interrogative particle). [
N 232, EU
]
Japanese-Ryukyuan:
Japanese ka (interrogative particle, indefinitizer), ka
. . . ka (alternating conjunction), Ryukyuan ˇca ‘what.’ [
EU
]
Ainu
ka (interrogative particle, indefinitizer), ka . . . ka (coordinating
conjunction). [
EU
]
Gilyak
ka (interrogative particle), ko . . . ko (coordinating conjunction).
[
EU
]
Chukchi-Kamchatkan:
Kamchadal k’e ‘who’ (genitive k’en), Chukchi mik
∼ mek ‘who,’ req ∼ raq ‘what,’ Koryak qej . . . qej ‘either . . . or,’ kur
‘to be who?, to be what?,’ Kerek jaq ‘who, what.’ [
EU
]
Eskimo-Aleut:
Proto-Eskimo-Aleut *ken ‘who,’ *qa- (interrogative pro-
noun), Aleut ki-n ‘who,’ qata ‘where, whither, what,’ qanangun ‘where,’
qanayam ‘when,’ qanagan ‘whence,’ Eskimo ki-na ‘who,’ Greenlandic
qaÑga ‘when,’ qanuq ‘how,’ Siberian Yuit qafsina ‘how many,’ Alaskan
Yuit -ka (question particle). [
EU, EA 118, 121
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *k
w
i ‘who, which,’ Kurin ku- ‘what,’ Archi k
w
i-
‘who,’ Avar k
h
i-n ‘how.’ [
UOL 70, SC 149
]
Burushaski
kè ‘if, when,’ kè ‘and,’ kè . . . kè ‘both . . . and,’ (men . . .)
kè ‘(who)ever.’ [
B 231, 265
]
Sino-Tibetan:
Old Chinese *kjei ‘how much,’ Hruso k
h
i-nia ‘how many,’
k
h
i-mia ‘how far.’ [
SC 149
]
14. Global Etymologies
305
Na-Dene:
Haida gyis-to
∼ kiˇs-to ‘who,’ g¯osu ∼ guu(s) ‘what,’ gyinu ‘where,’
giisant ‘when’; Tlingit kusu
∼ g`us´u ∼ g¯u ‘where,’ k¯unsa ‘how much.’ [
ND
]
?Australian:
Maung gunuga
∼ gigi ‘what,’ Tiwi kuwa ‘who,’ kamu ‘what.’
[
RD 373, 376
]
Nahali
(nani) ka ‘anyone’ ( nani ‘who’), (nan) ka ‘anything’ ( nan ‘what’).
[
NA 92
]
Austroasiatic:
Munda o-ko-e ‘who,’ o-ka ‘what,’ ˇce-le ‘which’; Mon-Khmer:
Vietnamese gi ‘what,’ Nicobarese ˇci ‘who,’ ˇci-n ‘who, what,’ kah¨
a ‘what,’
ˇcan
∼ ˇcu ‘where.’ [
UOL 70
]
Austronesian:
Proto-Austronesian *ku‘a[‘] ‘how.’ [
AN
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Kutenai ka ‘where,’ Wiyot gu- ‘when, where,’
Yurok kus ‘when, where,’ Passamaquoddy kek
w
‘what,’ Chemakum ¯
aˇc’is
‘what,’ Quileute ak’is ‘what,’ qo- ‘where,’ Nootka ÷aqi- ‘what,’ Bella
Bella akoiqkan ‘who,’ Pentlatch kwënˇca ‘where,’ kwës ‘when,’ Upper
Chehalis ka-n ‘do what?,’ Keres h¯eko ‘whither,’ Quapaw ka ‘what,’ Ofo
kaka ‘what,’ Wichita ÷¯ekiya÷ ‘who,’ Caddo kwit ‘where,’ Cherokee gago
‘who,’ Onondaga kanin ‘where,’ Seneca kwanu ‘who,’ Mohawk ka ‘where’;
Penutian: Tsimshian gu ‘who,’ Alsea qau, Kalapuya ¯
uk, Coos qanˇc ‘where,’
Siuslaw qani, Klamath kani ‘who,’ ka ‘which,’ Bodega Miwok ÷eke ‘what,’
÷
eketto ‘where,’ Zuni k¯
ak’i-pi ‘when,’ Tunica kaku ‘who,’ kanahku ‘what,’
ka÷aˇs ‘when,’ Natchez kanne ‘someone,’ g¯
oˇs ‘what,’ Huave xaÑ ‘who,’ key
‘what,’ Quiche xan ‘when’; Hokan: Achomawi k¯ı ‘who,’ Washo kudiÑa
‘who,’ kuÑate ‘what,’ kuÑa ‘where,’ East Pomo kia ‘who,’ k’owa ‘what,’
Chumash kune ‘who,’ kenu ‘why,’ Esselen kini ‘who,’ ke ‘where,’ Walapai
ka ‘who,’ Seri ki÷, Coahuilteco ka ‘what,’ Chontal kana÷ ‘when,’ Tlap-
panec gwana, Jicaque kat ‘where,’ Yurimangui kana ‘what,’ kuna ‘where’;
Central Amerind: Proto-Aztecan *kaan ‘where,’ *keem ‘how,’ *kee-ski
‘how much, how many,’ Nahua a÷kon ‘who,’ Zacapoaxtla akoni, Yaqui
hakuni ‘where,’ Isthmus Zapotec guna÷, Mazatec k÷ia ‘when’; Chibchan-
Paezan: Cuna kana ‘when,’ Miskito ajkia, Paya agini, Terraba kene
‘where,’ Tirub ko˜
ne, Totoro kin ‘who,’ Paez kim ‘who,’ k˜ıh ‘what,’ Catio
kai ‘who,’ Moguex kina ‘who, what,’ Tucura karea ‘why’; Andean: Yah-
gan kunna ‘who,’ kanin(a) ‘to whom,’ kana ‘where,’ Tehuelche keme ‘who,’
ken ‘which,’ kenaˇs ‘when,’ kienai ‘where,’ Araucanian kam ‘how,’ Aymara
kuna ‘what,’ kamisa ‘how,’ Iquito kanääka ‘who,’ Aymara kuna ‘what,’
kauki ‘where’; Macro-Tucanoan: Ticuna karo ‘where,’ kejaito ‘when’;
Equatorial: Ayore g¯
osi ‘who,’ Tuyoneri kate ‘what,’ Yaruro kanemo ‘when,’
Uru kanˇcu, Wapishana kanum ‘what,’ Puquina kin; Macro-Carib: Yaba-
rana ekkwarijawa ‘when,’ akëtto ‘where,’ Witoto ak¨
o ‘what,’ Miranya kia
‘where,’ Faai kiati, Andoke koide ‘who’; Macro-Panoan: Lule kine-kinema,
Macca kat
s
ik ‘who,’ kona ‘when’ (rel.), Taruma gaga ‘what,’ Tacana ket-
sunu ‘when,’ kepia ‘where.’ [
AM: G102; UOL 70, AMN
]
306
14. Global Etymologies
11 KUNA ‘woman’
Afro-Asiatic:
Proto-Afro-Asiatic *k(w)n
∼ *knw ‘wife, woman’; Omotic:
Chara g¨
an¯ets ‘woman,’ Kaffa ge¯
ne ‘lady,’ Mocha g¨
a¯
ne ‘lady, woman,’ Shi-
nasha ge¯
na ‘lady’; Cushitic: Proto-Cushitic *H-kwn ‘wife,’ Bilin ’ ‘ëx
w
ina
(pl. ’ëk
w
in) ‘wife,’ Xamta eq
w
en ‘wife,’ Dembia ki¯
un¯
a ‘wife,’ Avija xuon¯
a
‘wife,’ Oromo qena ‘lady’; Semitic: Akkadian kin¯ıtu
∼ qin¯ıtu ‘one of the
wives in a harem’; Berber: Proto-Berber *t-knw ‘wife,’ Tuareg t¯ekne
‘wife,’ Kabyle t
¯
akna ‘one of the wives in polygamy’; Chadic: Margi Ñkw`
a
‘girl’ (< *m-kw`
a), Igala ginum ‘woman,’ Makari gerim ‘woman,’ Logone
gënëm ‘woman.’ [
N 178, UOL 179
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *g
w
en
∼ *g
w
en¯
a ‘wife, woman’; Ana-
tolian: Lydian kˆ
ana ‘woman, wife,’ Luwian wan¯
a; Indic: Sanskrit gn¯
a ‘god-
dess’; Iranian: Avestan gën¯
a ‘wife’; Armenian kin (pl. kanai-k‘); Greek:
Mycenaean ku-na-ja; Albanian grue
∼ grua; Celtic: Old Irish ben; Ger-
manic: Gothic qino, Old High German quena, English queen; Baltic: Old
Prussian genno ‘wife’; Slavic: Old Church Slavic ˇzena; Tocharian: Tochar-
ian B ´sana. [
IE 473, N 178, EU, LC 922, UOL 179
]
Turkic:
Proto-Turkic *k¨
uni ‘one of the wives in polygamy,’ Old Turkic k¨
uni
‘wife,’ Kirghiz k¨
un¨
u, Azerbaijani g¨
un¨
u. [
N 178
]
Eskimo-Aleut:
Proto-Eskimo-Aleut *÷a∏(ì)na- ‘woman,’ Eskimo: Alaskan
aganak, Greenlandic arnaq, Yuit arnaq ‘female person, woman.’ [
EU
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian
*q(w)¨
anV
‘woman,’
Proto-Dagestan
*qonV(¯
pV). [
EC, NSC 59
]
?Indo-Pacific:
Andaman Islands: Bea ch´
ana ‘woman,’ chana-da ‘mother’;
Tasmanian: Southeast quani ‘wife, woman’; Mugil kanen ‘mother.’ [
T 471,
UOL 180
]
Australian:
Warrgamay gajin ‘female of human or animal species,’ Gamila-
raay gunijarr ‘mother,’ Ngaanyatjara ngunytju, Jalnguy guyÑgun ‘spirit
of a dead woman.’ [
RD 119, UOL 180
]
?Austroasiatic:
Mon-Khmer: Nancowry k¯
an
∼ k¯ane ‘woman.’ [
UOL 179
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Shawnee kwan-iswa ‘girl,’ Nootka ganëmo,
Bella Bella ganëm ‘woman, wife,’ Lkungen kaÑi ‘girl,’ Spokane en-okhono
‘wife,’ Siletz qena÷s ‘grandmother,’ Santa Ana k’uwi ‘woman, wife,’ Da-
kota hun ‘mother,’ Yuchi wa-hane ‘old woman’; Penutian: Tsimshian
han¯
a
G
‘woman,’ Cayuse kwun-asa ‘girl,’ Yawelmani ga¯ına ‘woman,’ Kon-
kow k´
onoj ‘woman, wife,’ Nisenan kono ‘girl,’ San Juan Bautista atsia-
xnis, Lake Miwok ÷unu ‘mother,’ Zuni k’anak
w
ayina ‘woman,’ Yuki aÑ-
k’an ‘mother’; Hokan: Chumash kunup ‘girl,’ Diegue˜
no kux-k
w
an
j
‘mother,’
xe-k
w
an
j
‘daughter,’ Seri ku˜
aam ‘female,’ koÑk´
aii ‘wife,’ Tonkawa k
w
¯
an
‘woman,’ Karankawa kanin ‘mother,’ Tequistlatec (¬ -)aga÷no ‘woman,
14. Global Etymologies
307
female’; Central Amerind: Proto-Tiwa *k
w
iem ‘maiden,’ Papago h´
oo˜
nig¨ı
‘wife,’ Isthmus Zapotec gun´
aa ‘woman’; Chibchan-Paezan: Boncota g¨
uina
‘female,’ Ulua guana, Pedraza konui-xa ‘daughter,’ Choco huena ‘woman,’
Paez kuenas ‘young woman’; Andean: Simacu kaxkanu ‘daughter-in-law,’
Yahgan ˇcou-kani-kipa ‘young woman,’ Kulli ka˜
ni ‘sister,’ Cholon aki˜
niu,
Alakaluf ekin-eˇc ‘woman,’ Tsoneka na-kuna; Macro-Tucanoan: Nadobo
ku˜
nan, S¨
ar¨
a kana ‘mother’; Equatorial: Yurucare ig˜
un ‘girl,’ ti-g˜
un ‘daugh-
ter,’ Cuica kuneu-ksoy ‘girl,’ kunakunam ‘woman,’ Proto-Tupi *kuy˜
a,
Guarani ku˜
na ‘female,’ ku˜
na-ta˜ı ‘girl,’ Guarayo ekuna ‘woman,’ Canoeiro
ku˜
na-tain ‘small girl,’ Kamayura kunja ‘woman,’ Guahibo kvantua ‘first
wife,’ Amuesha kuyan-iˇsa ‘woman’; Macro-Carib: Palmella ena-kone
‘mother,’ Accawai kana-muna ‘girl,’ Muinane kìni-˜
no, Miranya guaniu
‘mother’; Macro-Panoan: Chama eg
w
an-asi ‘woman,’ Lengua iÑ-kyin
‘mother,’ Sanapana k¨
uli-guana-man ‘old woman,’ ?Chacobo huini ‘fe-
male,’ ?Cavine˜
na ekwa÷a ‘mother’; Macro-Ge: Suya ku˜
na ‘woman,’ Cher-
ente pi-kon, Capaxo konjan, Caraja han¨
ok¨
o. [
AM 272, P 283, H 164, LC 922,
AMN
]
12 MAKO ‘child’
?Niger-Congo:
Bantu: Ngoala maÑku ‘child,’ Yaunde moÑgo, Pande maÑga,
Mbudikum-Bamum muÑke. [
HJ II: 271
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *maghos ‘young,’ *maghu ‘child,
boy’; Iranian: Avestan maγava ‘unmarried’; Celtic: Old Irish macc ‘son’;
Germanic: Gothic magus ‘boy,’ Old English magu ‘child, son, man,’ Swe-
dish m˚
ag ‘son-in-law’; Baltic: Latvian maˇc (gen. ma´
ga) ‘small.’ [
IE 696,
AB 371
]
Dravidian:
Tamil maka ‘child, young of an animal, son or daughter,’ Malay-
alam makan ‘son,’ makkal. ‘children (esp. sons),’ Kota mog ‘child,’ Toda
mox ‘child, son, male, daughter,’ Kannada maga ‘son, male person,’
makan ‘son,’ magu ‘infant, child of either sex,’ Kodagu makka ‘children,’
Tulu mage ‘son,’ magal.u ‘daughter,’ Telugu maga ‘male,’ Konda moga
kor.o ‘boy child,’ g¯alu ‘daughter’ ( < *mg¯alu), Pengo g¯ar. ‘daughter,’ Kuwi
maka (vocative used to daughters and sisters in affection), Malto maqe
‘boy,’ maqi ‘girl,’ maqo ‘small, little, young,’ maqu ‘young of an animal.’
[
D 4616, AB 371
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *mik’wV ‘small, young one,’ Proto-Avar-Andi
*mok’i
∼ *mik’i ‘small, child,’ Proto-Dido *mik’V ‘small, little,’ Proto-
Lezghian *mik’
w
V ‘young.’ [
C 151
]
Sino-Tibetan:
Tibeto-Burman: Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m¯
ak ‘son-in-law,’
Miri mak(-bo),’ Burmese (sa-)mak, Lushei m¯
ak(-pa). [
ST 324
]
Indo-Pacific:
Southwest New Guinea: Jaqai mak ‘child,’ Aghu amoko,
Madinava imega(-kaivagu). [
SWNG 12
]
308
14. Global Etymologies
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Natick mukketchouks ‘boy,’ Beothuk maga-
raguis ‘son,’ Santa Ana -ma’kë ‘my daughter,’ Acoma magë ‘girl,’ Hidatsa
makadiˇstamia; Penutian: Cayuse m’oks ‘baby,’ Modoc mukak, Gashowu
mokheta ‘girl,’ Santa Cruz mux-aˇs, Zuni maki ‘young woman,’ Yuki muh
‘young,’ Mixe mahntk ‘son,’ ?miˇs ‘girl, boy’; Hokan: Achomawi mik-tsan
‘child’ (-tsan = dim.), Yana ÷imx ‘young,’ Washo m`ehu ‘boy,’ Chumash
(Santa Barbara) miˇcamo ‘boy,’ amiˇcanek ‘girl,’ Chumash (Santa Ynez)
makˇcai ‘daughter,’ mak-isi-huanok ‘girl,’ Cocopa xmik ‘boy,’ Walapai
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