14 Global Etymologies
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h ag-ar ‘dirt.’ [ SC 76 ]
Lushei diak ‘mud,’ Sho d h ek ∼ dek’ ‘earth.’ [ IST 221
] Na-Dene:
Haida t l ig ∼ t l ga ∼ klik ‘earth, ground’ (cf. tik ‘finger’ above for a similar shift of t > t l before i); Tlingit (t l it-)tik ∼ t l iak-¯ u ∼ klatk ‘earth’; Eyak (Yakutat) (tza)t l kh ‘earth.’ [ ND ] Nahali t s ikal ∼ sikal ‘earth.’ [ NA 67
; probably a borrowing of Kurku t s ikal ‘mud,’ according to Kuiper.] Amerind: Almosan-Keresiouan: Bella Bella tëq’ w um ‘dirty,’ Nootka t s ’ak’umt s ‘earth,’ Kwakwala dzëqwa ‘mud,’ Squamish t´ıq w ‘muddy,’ Lower Fraser s-t’iqël, Seneca -tki- ‘dirty,’ Yuchi s’ak’òõ ‘mud,’ Hidatsa ih.atsaki ‘dirty,’ Acoma h´ a÷at s ’i ‘land’; Penutian: Tsimshian ma÷tks ‘dirty,’ Pokon- chi t s ikot, Mam ˇcokˇs ‘earth,’ Mixe më÷ëts ‘mud,’ Sayula mo÷ts, Ixil ˇsok’ol, Quiche ˇsoq’ox ‘muddy’; Hokan: Shasta t s ’ik ‘mud,’ Achomawi teqade ‘earth,’ Diegue˜ no taketak ‘dirty’; Central Amerind: Cora t
¨ıt s k¨ıa ‘earth,’ Chatina t s uuh ‘dirty,’ Proto-Central Otomi *t s ’o, Chi- nantec suh ‘dirt’; Chibchan-Paezan: Xinca tuxa ‘mud,’ Binticua tikan, Bribri iˇcuk ‘earth,’ Rama taki, Cabecar du-ˇceka ‘mud,’ Guambiana ˇcig, Alllentiac toko, Cayapa tu ‘earth’; Andean: Quechua ˇc’iˇci ‘dirty,’ Pe- huelche atek ‘earth,’ Tehuelche takhs ‘dirty’; Macro-Tucanoan: Papury
ar¨
a sixta, Canichana ni-ˇcixiˇci, Nadobo togn ‘mud’; Equatorial: Tinigua tokwana ‘earth,’ Caranga t s uxt s i ‘dirty,’ Chamicuro t s ixta ‘earth,’ Cocoma tuguka; Macro-Carib: Yabarana aˇsikipe ‘dirty,’ Witoto sagope ‘mud’; Macro-Panoan: Toba-Guazu toko ‘dirty,’ Lengua atits, Chulupi t¯ıˇs ‘wet ground,’ Tacana aˇci ‘dirty’; Macro- Ge: Chiquito tuki-s, Bororo txu, Chavante tika ‘earth,’ Apinage tugu ‘dirty,’ Cayapo tuk. [ AMN ]
14. Global Etymologies 325
25 TSAKU ‘leg, foot’ ?Niger-Congo: Bantu: Proto-Bantu *t
BA 79
] Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Jur ˇcok ‘foot,’ Zilmamu ˇsowa ‘foot,’ Nera
[ VB, NSB ] Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Beja sikwina ‘foot,’ Quara sukan¯
West Chadic *sAkA ‘leg,’ Bolewa ˇseke ‘foot,’ Fali sika. [ CS 265, AA 34, OS 292
] Indo-European: Indic: Sanskrit sak(-thi) ‘thigh’; Iranian: Avestan hax(-ti); Celtic: Welsh heg(-ol) ‘leg, shank.’ [ IE 930 ]
Yukaghir t s oγ(-ul) ‘foot, leg’; Ugric: Ostyak s˘ ag(-ë´ nt ) ∼ soh(-ët ) ∼ ´sog(-ë´s) ‘back side of the leg from the heel to the bend of the knee (of a human being); back hoof (of a horse); Finnic: Saami ˇcæwˇ ga ∼ ˇcæwˇge ‘hock of reindeer or other quadruped.’ [ U 92 ]
Kamchadal t s k(-ana) ∼ t s ki ‘foot, leg, paw.’ [ Swa-
desh 1962 ] Caucasian: Proto-Caucasian *ˇc’V ¯ [l]k’ w V ‘foot, hoof,’ Proto-Avar-Andi *¯ ˇ
w a ‘foot.’ [ C 75, DC
] Burushaski: Hunza ˇsäk ‘arm, forearm (of a human being); thigh, upper part of the leg (of an animal),’ Werchikwar ˇs.äk. [ B 320, W 215 ] ?Sino-Tibetan: Ancient Chinese *ts i wok ‘foot,’ Cantonese ts.uk. Indo-Pacific: Andaman Islands: Onge t
Juwoi ˇcok; Central New Guinea: Mikaru saga ‘foot,’ Grand Valley Dani (ne-)sok ‘(my) foot’; East New Guinea: Korona sogo ‘foot,’ Sikube suku, Mafulu soge, Kambisa suga. [ IP 80, T 458 ] Austroasiatic: Munda: Kharia d z uÑ ‘foot’; Mon-Khmer: Mon t s ¨ oÑ ‘foot, leg,’ Khmer d z öÑ ‘leg, foot,’ Temiar d z oÑ ∼ d z uk n , Mah Meri d z ogn, Shom- pen ˇcuk ‘foot.’ [ VB ]
Almosan-Keresiouan: Proto-Algic *-s¯ o÷k-ani ∼ -ˇs¯o÷k-ani ‘hip,’ Kutenai saq’ ‘leg,’ Quileute t-t s ’oq w ‘foot,’ Squamish -ˇcq‘ ‘hip, side,’ Okanagan s-t
‘foot,’ Siuslaw t s ¯ık w , Klamath ˇc’¯ og ‘leg,’ bo-sak-l’ ‘thigh,’ Lake Miwok ˇc´ uki ‘hip,’ Wappo ˇcoke ‘hip bone,’ Zuni sak w i ‘leg,’ Atakapa ÷aˇska ‘foot,’ Huave ts¯ ak ‘leg,’ Mam ˇcog, Tzotzil ˇcakil ‘hip’; Hokan: Achomawi ˇsak¯ o ‘leg,’ Northern Pomo ˇsaku, Eastern Pomo ˇs¯ ako, Kashaya ˇsahku, Yana d z ¯ uk’uwalla ‘hip,’ Mohave t s akas; Central Amerind: Mazatec n-t s aku ‘his foot,’ Popoloca t s ¯ agu ‘leg,’ Mixtec t s aha ‘hip,’ Ixcatec t s aku ‘leg,’ Chocho t s agua; Chibchan-Paezan: Tarascan t s ika-hta-kua ‘thigh,’ Murire sokua- 326 14. Global Etymologies gete, Sabanero suaguet ‘leg,’ Binticua ˇj´ ukue, Andaqui sogua-para ‘foot,’ Itonama uj-sahua-no ‘leg,’ Jirajira a-sagan-ipipo, Timucua secah; An- dean: Proto-Quechuan *ˇc.aki ‘foot,’ Yahgan ˇcikan ‘leg,’ Alacaluf ˇcekur ‘foot’; Macro-Tucanoan: S¨ ar¨ a tsagalo ‘thigh,’ Buhugana sakalo, Yuri sokehry ‘hip’; Equatorial: Campa no-tsaki, Piaroa tsiha ‘thigh,’ Mocochi ˇcuko ‘leg,’ Otomi ˇcuˇcuga ‘thigh,’ Chapacura ˇciki-ˇci ‘foot’; Macro-Carib: Trio sako ‘leg,’ Mocoa saku, Ocaina ¨ı÷ˇz´ o´ oga ‘foot’; Macro-Panoan: Toba- Guazu ˇcaga˜ ni ‘thigh,’ Cavine˜ na etsaka ‘leg,’ Sapiboca eˇcuxu ‘thigh’; Macro-Ge: Botocudo ˇz¨
AM 165, AK 113, CP 114, AIW, PP 133, AMN ] 26 TSUMA ‘hair’ Khoisan: !Kung ˇcum ‘shell,’ ˇs’um ‘skin,’ Eastern =Hua ˇc’¯u ∼ t s ’¯ u ∼ dt s ’¯ u ‘skin’; G//abake ˇc¯ a ∼ ˇco ‘skin’; /Xam t˜u ‘shell.’ [ SAK 597, 807 ] Nilo-Saharan: Nyangiya sim-at ‘hair,’ Nandi sum. [ KER 445
] Afro-Asiatic: Omotic: Proto-Omotic *somm- ‘pubic hair’; Cushitic: Sidamo
mitic: Proto-Semitic *ˇsm ˙g ‘fine hair shed by a camel’; Chadic: Hausa suma ‘growth of hair.’ [ OL 47, CCE ] Caucasian: Proto-Caucasian *t s ’§ w˘eme ‘eyebrow,’ Proto-Lezghian *t s ’ w em, Proto-Nax *t s ’a-t s ’÷Vm. [ C 70
] Basque
zam-ar(r) ‘lock of wool, shock of hair.’ [ SC 12
] Yeniseian: Proto-Yeniseian *t
SC 12
] Sino-Tibetan: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t
Lepcha ˘ atsom, Tibetan (÷ag-)tshom ‘beard of the chin’ (= [mouth]-hair), Kanauri tsam ‘wool, fleece,’ (mik-)tsam ‘eyebrow’ (= [eye]-hair), Magari t´sham ‘hair, wool,’ Burmese tsham, Lushei sam ‘hair (of the head),’ Dhi- mal t´sam ‘hide, bark,’ Garo mik sam ‘eyebrow,’ Nung ë Ñsam ‘hide.’ [ ST 73, 191, UOL 194, SS 23 ] Miao-Yao: Proto-Miao-Yao *´sj¯
PB 307
] Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Pawnee oˇsu ‘hair,’ Dakota ˇs˜ u ‘feather,’ Woc- con summe ‘hair’; Penutian: North Sahaptin ˇsëmtai ‘pubic hair,’ Nez Perce simtey, Kekchi t
shaya sime ‘body hair, fur,’ Northeast Pomo ˇc h eme ‘body hair,’ Mohave sama ‘root,’ Cocopa iˇsma ‘hair,’ Tlappanec t s ˜ uÑ ‘hair, root’; Central Amerind: Tubatulabal t s omol ‘hair, head’; Chibchan-Paezan: Matagalpa susum ‘beard,’ Xinca susi ‘beard’; Andean: Tsoneka ˇcomki ‘pubic hair,’ Quechua sunk‘a ‘beard’; Equatorial: Caranga ˇcuma ‘hair,’ Quitemo ˇcumi- ˇci, Aguaruna susu ‘beard,’ Candoshi sosi. [ AM 136, EQ 54, UOL 194, DL 4, AMN ]
14. Global Etymologies 327
27 ÷AQ’WA ‘water’ Khoisan:
Northern: !o !kung k˜ a˜ u ‘to rain,’ !kung k”¯ a ‘drink’; Central: Naron k”¯ a ‘drink’; Southern: /kam-ka !ke k”w˜ a ∼ k”w˜e ‘drink,’ k´˜a˜u ‘to rain,’ //ng !ke k”˜ a ∼ k”˜e˜ı ‘drink,’ k˜a˜u ‘to rain,’ Batwa k”˜a ∼ k”˜e ‘drink,’ /auni k”¯ aa ‘drink,’ Masarwa k”˜ a ‘drink,’ /nu //en k”˜ a ‘drink.’ [ KE 261
] Nilo-Saharan: Fur kò´ı ‘rain’; East Sudanic: Nyimang kwe ‘water,’ So kwè÷, Ik ˇcuè; Central Sudanic: Mangbetu ´eguo; Berta kòÌ`ı ‘rain, cloud’; Koman: Kwama uuku ‘water,’ Anej agu-d ‘cloud.’ [ NSB, KER
] Afro-Asiatic: Proto-Afro-Asiatic (Illich-Svitych) *‘q(w) ‘water,’ (Ehret)
‘water,’ Kaffa aˇc¯ o, Mocha ¯ aˇc’o, Gofa haˇcˇc¯ a, Shinasha aˇc’ˇc’o, Badditu wat s ’¯e; Cushitic: Proto-Cushitic (Ehret) *-k’ w - ‘to be wet,’ (Illich-Svitych) *‘qw ‘water,’ Agaw aq w , Bilin ‘aq w , Xamir aq w ¯ a ‘drops of water,’ Damot ag w o ‘water,’ Proto-East Cushitic (Ehret) *k’oy- ‘wet,’ Hadiyya wo’o ‘wa- ter,’ Tambaro waha, Sidamo waho, Iraqw ¯ aha ‘drink.’ [ N 139, EU, AM 87, CE 348 ]
Proto-Indo-European (Pokorny) *ak w ¯ a- ‘water,’ (Puhvel) *eg w -, (Bomhard) *ek’ w -; Anatolian: Hittite eku-, Luwian aku-, Palaic ahô u- ‘drink’; Italic: Latin aqua ‘water’; Germanic: Gothic ahwa ‘river’; Tocharian: Tocharian A yok- ‘drink.’ [ IE 23 ]
Proto-Uralic (R´edei) *yoka ‘river.’ [ R 99–100
] Japanese
aka ‘bilge water.’ [ JP 100
] Ainu
wakka ‘water,’ ku ‘drink.’ [ JP 100
] Caucasian: Proto-Caucasian *-V
Lezghian χ w a-l, Agul uχas, Proto-Lezghian *÷o¯ q w a- ‘rain,’ Lezghian ¯ q w a-z, Rutul hu∏ w as, Tsakhur jo∏ w i; Proto-Nax *-aq- ‘suck(le),’ Chechen -aq- ‘suck’; Proto-Dargi *-uq- ‘suck(le).’ [ C 3, 16 ]
häγ-um ‘wet.’ Sino-Tibetan: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Ku ‘fluid, spill,’ Newari k
Khaling ku ‘water,’ Kachin k h u. [ NSC 43
] Indo-Pacific: Awyu okho ‘water, river,’ Syiagha okho ‘water,’ Yareba ogo, Yonggom oq, Ninggirum ok. [ FS 96, 134 ] Australian: Proto-Australian *gugu ‘water.’ [ AC ] Amerind: Almosan-Keresiouan: Proto-Central Algonquian *akw¯ a ‘from wa- ter,’ Kutenai -q w ‘in water,’ Quileute kw¯ aya’ ‘water,’ Snohomish q w a÷, Caddo koko; Penutian: Nass ak j -s, Takelma ug w ‘drink,’ Wintun wak’ai ‘creek,’ Zuni k’a ‘water,’ Atakapa ak, Yuki uk’, Tetontepec uu÷k ‘drink,’ Yucatec uk’ ‘be thirsty’; Hokan: Chimariko aqa ‘water,’ Kashaya ÷ahqha ‘water,’ q’o ‘drink,’ Seri ÷ax ‘water,’ Diegueno ÷ax¯
kawa ÷¯ ax, Tequistlatec l-axa÷; Central Amerind: Proto-Chinantec *g w a 328 14. Global Etymologies ‘stream, river’; Chibchan-Paezan: Shiriana koa ‘drink,’ Chimila uk-, Bin- ticua agu, Allentiac aka ‘water’; Andean: Iquito aqua, Quechua yaku, Ya- mana aka ‘lake’; Macro-Tucanoan: Auake ok˜ oa ‘water, river,’ Cubeo oko ‘water,’ Tucano axko; Equatorial: Amniape ¨ ak¨ u, Quitemo ako, Uaraicu uaka ‘wash,’ Terena oko ‘rain,’ Chipaya ax w ‘wash’; Macro-Carib: Yagua xa ‘water,’ Witoto joko ‘wash,’ Macushi u-wuku ‘my drink,’ Waiwai woku ‘drink,’ Taulipang ai’ku ‘wet’; Macro-Panoan: Lule uk ‘drink,’ May- oruna uaka ‘water,’ Culino yaku ‘water,’ waka ‘river,’ Huarayo hakua ‘wash’; Macro-Ge: Koraveka ako ‘drink,’ Fulnio waka ‘lake,’ Kamakan
AM 87,
AMN ] ABBREVIATIONS A Andean, Greenberg 1987 AA Afro-Asiatic, Greenberg 1963 AAD Afro-Asiatic Dictionary, Diakonov 1981– AB Allan Bomhard, 1987 AC A. Capell, 1956 AD Anna Dybo, 1988 AIW Mary Key, 1987 AK Almosan-Keresiouan, Greenberg 1987 AM Amerind, Greenberg 1987 AMN Amerindian Notebooks, 23 vols., Greenberg 1981 AN Austronesian, Dempwolff 1934–38 AT A. N. Tucker and M. A. Bryan, 1957 B Burushaski, Lorimer 1938 BA Bantu, Guthrie 1967 BB Barry Blake, 1988 BD Bushman Dictionary, Bleek 1956 C Caucasian, Nikolaev and Starostin 1992 CA Central Amerind, Greenberg 1987 CAN Central Amerind Notebook, Greenberg 1981 CCE Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova, 1988 CE Christopher Ehret, 1989 CK Chukchi-Kamchatkan, Mudrak 1990 CN Chari-Nile, Greenberg 1963 CP Chibchan-Paezan, Greenberg 1987 CS Marcel Cohen, 1947 D Dravidian, Burrow and Emeneau 1984 DB Dorothea Bleek, 1929 DC Dene-Caucasian, Nikolaev 1991 14. Global Etymologies 329
DL D. R. Leshchiner, 1989 EA Eskimo-Aleut, Mudrak 1989 EC East Caucasian, Starostin and Nikolaev 1975 EQ Equatorial, Greenberg 1987 ES East Sudanic, Greenberg 1963 EU Eurasiatic, Greenberg to appear FS F. Seto, 1988 H Hokan, Greenberg 1987 HF Harold Fleming, ed., Mother Tongue, 1986– HJ Harry Johnston, 1922 IE Indo-European, Pokorny 1959 IP Indo-Pacific, Greenberg 1971 IS V. M. Illich-Svitych, 1967 IST Robert Shafer, 1974 JB John Bengtson, 1986 JP James Patrie, 1982 JR Johannes Rahder, 1963 K Khoisan, Greenberg 1963 KA Kartvelian, Klimov 1964 KE Khoisan Etymologies, Ruhlen 1987b KER Harold Fleming, 1983a KS Kongo-Saharan, Gregersen 1972 LC Morris Swadesh, 1960 LN Va´clav Blaˇzek, 1990 M Mande, Mukarovsky 1966 Yüklə 356,86 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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