1st trend is translation history

Then this girl gets killed, because she's always speeding.
А потом девушка гибнет, потому что она вечно нарушает правила.


32. Differentiation of meaning in translation
Translation transformation techniques are complicated inter-language transferences resulting in the creation of such a text that at full scope reveals the information of original text. The problem of transformation techniques is thoroughly elaborated by contemporary scholars. The scholars differentiate between lexical, grammatical and stylistic transformations.
Language systems of meaning are also different. Any language is able to describe things, notions, phenomena and facts of life. This ability of language ensures cognition of the outside world. But the ways of expressing these things and notions usually vary in different languages. Lexical transformations are the devices of logical process that reveal the meaning of the lexical unit of the SL that is different in the context from the dictionary one. Types of lexical transformations: differentiation, concretization, generalization, logical development, antonymic translation, general reinterpretation, compensation.
Differentiation is the case when a word with wide semantic meaning in the SL has no corresponding TL words with the same semantic colouring and peculiarity. (e.g. Ruthless – 1.Безжалостный, 2. Оголтелый). English possesses many words with wide meaning which sometimes don’t have full correspondence in the Russian language. For example Russian word лестница – “staircase” in English can also be translated as “ladder”, it means that they can mean one and the same object represented in different forms (внутренняя лестница и стремянка).
For example car «автомобиль», car «вагон», car «колесница» in this case we can easily defined the common meaning to all of these words – transport facility, but in other cases it may be impossible, for example crew «экипаж, легкая повозка», «экипаж, команда корабля, танка».
Only with the help of context and communication situation the difference between nonidentity meanings can be neutralized. For conveying of differentiation meaning the system of levels of correspondences is used. Constant correspondence that exists independently upon the context is absolute equivalence (proper names, terms, rare animals). There can also be partial equivalence (depends on the context) and lack of equivalence (doesn’t have analogs)