3Main Part: a brief history of language teaching

Actuality of the theme of course paper. 
A precise data is important as they
empower understudies or other researchers to be mindful of the utilize of Warming
up methods of teaching in a moment language securing and its significance in
especially English classrooms as well as they offer assistance one to extend the
proficiency on this circle.

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The aim of the course paper

is assurance of the different types of warming
up activities of teaching and most prominent effect on remote learning preparation.
Theoretical significance of the course paper
is bona fide fabric which can
be included into the addresses on the warming up activities of teaching and its part
in remote foreign language classes.
Practical significance of the course paper
– this brief information can be
utilized at down to earth English classes, addresses and courses around the part of
warming up methods of teaching and its significance to teach language at the higher
instructive educate of our nation, in composing course papers as well.
The structure of the course paper.
It consists of the following parts:
Introduction, two chapters, conclusion and list of used literature.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Main Part 

1. A brief history of language teaching 
Changes in language reaching methods throughout history have reflected
recognition of changes in the kind of proficiency learners need, such as a move
toward oral proficiency rather than reading comprehension as the goal of language
study; they have also reflected changes the ones of the nature of language and of
language learning. Kelly and Howa have demonstrated that man y current issues in
language teaching are not particularly new. Today's controversies reflects
contemporary responses to questions that have been asked the history of language
teaching. Toward the mid-nineteenth century several factors contributed to a
questioning and rejection of the Grammar-Translation Method. Increased
opportunities for communication among Europeans created a demand for oral
proficiency in foreign languages. Initially this created a market for conversation
books and phrase books intended for private study, but language teaching specialists
also turned their attention to the way modern languages were being taught in
secondary schools. Increasingly the public education system was seen to be failing
in its responsibilities. In Germany, England, France, and other parts of Europe, new
approaches to language teaching were developed by individual language teaching
specialists, each with a specific method for reforming the teaching of modern
languages. Some of these specialists, like C. Marcel, T. Prendergast, and F. Gouin,
did not manage to achieve any lasting impact, though their ideas are of historical
interest [3.p.215].
The work of individual language specialists like these reflects the changing
climate of the times in which they worked. Educators recognized the need for
speaking proficiency rather than reading comprehension, grammar, or literary
appreciation as the goal for foreign language programs; there was an interest in how
children learn languages, which prompted attempts to develop teaching principles
from observation of (or more typically, reflections about) child language learning.
But the ideas and methods of Marcel, Prendergast, Gouin, and other innovators were
developed outside the context of established circles of education and hence lacked

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the means for wider dissemination, acceptance, and implementation. Language

teaching specialists like Marcel, Prendergast, and Gouin had done much to promote
alternative approaches to language teaching, but their ideas failed to receive
widespread support or attention. From the 1880s, however, practically minded
linguists like Henry Sweet in England, Wilhelm Vietor in Germany, and Paul Passy
in France began to provide the intellectual leadership needed to give reformist ideas
greater credibility and acceptance. The discipline of linguistics was revitalized.
Phonetics - the scientific analysis and description of the sound systems of languages
- was established, giving new insights into speech processes. Linguists emphasized
that speech, rather than the written word, was the primary form of language. The
International Phonetic Association was founded in 1886, and its International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was designed to enable the sounds of any language to be
accurately transcribed. One of the earliest goals of the association was to improve
the teaching of modern languages [4.p.44].
In Germany the prominent scholar Wilhelm Vietor used linguistic theory to
justify his views on language teaching. He argued that training in phonetics would
enable teachers to pronounce the language accurately. Speech patterns, rather than
grammar, were the fundamental elements of language. In 1882 he published his
views in an influential pamphlet, Language Teaching Must Start Afresh, in which
he strongly criticized the inadequacies of Grammar Translation and stressed the
value of training teachers in the new science of phonetics. Gouin had been one of
the first of the nineteenth-century reformers to attempt to build a methodology
around observation of child language learning. Other reformers toward the end of
the century likewise turned their attention to naturalistic principles of language
learning, and for this reason they are sometimes referred to as advocates of a
"natural" method. In fact at various times throughout the history of language
teaching, attempts have been made to make second language learning more like first
language learning. In the sixteenth century, for example, Montaigne described how
he was entrusted to a guardian who addressed him exclusively in Latin for the first
years of his life, since Montaigne's father wanted his son to speak Latin well. Among

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those who tried to apply natural principles to language classes in the nineteenth

century was L. Sauveur, who used intensive oral interaction in the target language,
employing questions as a way of presenting and eliciting language. He opened a
language school in Boston in the late 1860s, and his method soon became referred
to as the Natural Method. Sauveur and other believers in the Natural Method argued
that a foreign language could be taught without translation or the use of the learner's
native tongue if meaning was conveyed directly through demonstration and action
[5.p.28].
The German scholar F. Franke wrote on the psychological principles of direct
association between forms and meanings in the target language and provided a
theoretical justification for a monolingual approach to teaching. According to
Franke, a language could best be taught by using it actively in the classroom. Rather
than using analytical procedures that focus on explanation of grammar rules in
classroom teaching, teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the
foreign language in the classroom. Learners would then be able to induce rules of
grammar. The teacher replaced the textbook in the early stages of learning. Speaking
began with systematic attention to pronunciation. Known words could be used to
teach new vocabulary, using mime, demonstration, and pictures. The Direct Method
was quite successful in private language schools, such as those of the Berlitz chain,
where paying clients had high motivation and the use of native-speaking teachers
was the norm. But despite pressure from proponents of the method, it was difficult
to implement in public secondary school education. "It overemphasized and
distorted the similarities between naturalistic first language learning and classroom
foreign language learning and failed to consider the practical realities of the
classroom. In addition, it lacked a rigorous basis in applied linguistic theory, and for
this reason it was often criticized by the more academically based proponents of the
Reform Movement. The Direct Method rep resented the product of enlightened
amateurism. It was perceived to have several drawbacks. First, it required teachers
who were native speakers or who had nativelike fluency in the foreign language. It
was largely dependent on the teacher's skill, rather than on a textbook, and not all

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teachers were proficient enough in the foreign language to adhere to the principles

of the method.
The Harvard psychologist Roger Brown has documented similar problems
with strict Direct Method techniques. He described his frustration in observing a
teacher performing verbal gymnastics in an attempt to convey the meaning of
Japanese words, when translation would have been a much more efficient technique
to use. By the 1920s, use of the Direct Method in noncommercial schools in Europe
had consequently declined. In France and Germany it was gradually modified into
versions that combined some Direct Method techniques with more controlled
grammar-based activities. The European popularity of the Direct Method in the early
part of the twentieth century caused foreign language specialists in the United States
to attempt to have it implemented in American schools and colleges, although they
decided to move with caution [6.p.427].
A study begun in 1923 on the state of foreign language teaching concluded
that no single method could guarantee successful results. The goal of trying to teach
conversation skills was considered impractical in view of the restricted time
available for foreign language teaching in schools, the limited skills of teachers, and
the perceived irrelevance of conversation skills in a foreign language for the age
American college student. The study - published as the Colema report - advocated
that a more reasonable goal for a foreign language course would be a reading
knowledge of a foreign language, achieved through the gradual introduction of
words and grammatical structures in simple reading texts.