Question 4 is based on the following reading passage.
According to Mercy Amba Oduyoye in
Daughters of Anowa: African
Women and Patriarchy
, the
women of the Asante people of Ghana participated in war as nurses or as
providers of supplies,
but only those who had not yet reached or who were past childbearing
age did so. If such women
died in battle, they died “as individuals and not as potential sources of
human life.” As such, many
5 old women engaged in valiant acts, sometimes sacrificing their own
lives, to defend those they
had given life to.
4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(A)
The deaths of Asante women of childbearing age were lamented
more than were the deaths of other women.
(B)
Older Asante women were more courageous than younger Asante
women.
(C)
Some of those who worked as nurses or as providers of supplies
died in battle.
(D)
Old women were accorded special status above other women and
men.
(E)
Men could not be considered potential sources of human life.
Questions 5–7 are based on the following reading passage.
The past decade has seen a statistically significant uptick in reports
of the bacterial
strains known as “super-bugs,” so called not because of enhanced
virulence, but because of
their resistance to many antimicrobial agents. In particular, researchers
have become alarmed
about NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase), which is not a single
bacterial species, but a
5 transmittable genetic element encoding multiple resistance genes. A
resistance “cocktail” such
as NDM-1 could bestow immunity to a bevy of preexisting drugs
simultaneously, rendering the
bacterium nearly impregnable.
However, in spite of the well-documented dangers posed by
antibiotic-resistant
bacteria, many scientists argue that the human race has more to fear from
viruses. Whereas
10 bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, viruses lack the
necessary structures
for reproduction, and so are known as “intracellular obligate parasites.”
Virus particles called
virions must marshal the host cell’s ribosomes, enzymes, and other
cellular machinery in order
to propagate. Once various viral components have been built, they bind
together randomly
in the cellular cytoplasm. The newly finished copies of the virus break
through the cellular
15 membrane, destroying the cell in the process. Because of this, viral
infections cannot be
treated
ex post facto
in the same way that bacterial infections can, since
antivirals designed to
kill the virus could do critical damage to the host cell itself. In fact,
viruses can infect bacteria
(themselves complete cells), but not the other way around. For many
viruses, such as that
responsible for the common cold sore, remission rather than cure is the
goal of currently
20 available treatment.
While the insidious spread of drug-resistant bacteria fueled by
overuse of antibiotics in
agriculture is nothing to be sneezed at, bacteria lack the potential for
cataclysm that viruses
have. The prominent virologist Nathan Wolfe considers human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
which has resulted in the deaths of more than thirty million people and
infected twice that
25 number, “the biggest near-miss of our lifetime.” Despite being the most
lethal pandemic in
history, HIV could have caused far worse effects. It is only fortunate
happenstance that this
virus cannot be transmitted through respiratory droplets, as can the
viruses that cause modern
strains of swine flu (H1N1), avian flu (H5N1), and SARS.
5. The main purpose of the passage can be expressed most accurately by
which of the following?
(A)
To contrast the manner by which bacteria and viruses infect the
human body and cause cellular damage
(B)
To explain the operations by which viruses use cell machinery to
propagate
(C)
To argue for additional resources to combat drug-resistant bacteria
and easily transmissible pathogenic viruses
(D)
To highlight the good fortune experienced by the human race, in
that the HIV pandemic has not been more lethal
(E)
To compare the relative dangers of two biological threats and judge
one of them to be far more important
6. According to the passage, infections by bacteria
(A)
result from asexual reproduction through binary fission
(B)
can be treated
ex post facto
(C)
can be rendered vulnerable by a resistance cocktail such as NDM-1
(D)
are rarely cured by currently available treatments, but rather only
put into remission
(E)
mirror those by viruses, in that they can both do critical damage to
the host cell
7. According to the passage, intracellular obligate parasites
(A)
are unable to propagate themselves on their own
(B)
assemble their components randomly out of virions
(C)
reproduce themselves through sexual combination with host cells
(D)
have become resistant to antibiotics through the overuse of these
drugs
(E)
construct necessary reproductive structures out of destroyed host
cells
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