Quantity A
The number of years until town
B’s population is greater than that
of town A
Quantity B
3
46. If
f
(
x
) =
x
2
, which of the following is equal to
f
(
m
+
n
) +
f
(
m
–
n
)?
(A)
m
2
+
n
2
(B)
m
2
–
n
2
(C)
2
m
2
+ 2
n
2
(D)
2
m
2
– 2
n
2
(E)
m
2
n
2
47.
S
is a sequence such that
S
n
= (–1)
n
for each integer
n
≥ 1. What is the
sum of the first 20 terms in
S
?
48. If
f
(
x, y
) =
x
2
y
and
f
(
a, b
) = 6, what is
f
(2
a
, 4
b
)?
f
(
x
) =
m
where
m
is the number of distinct prime factors of
x
.
49.
Quantity A
f
(30)
Quantity B
f
(64)
50. The sequence
a
1
,
a
2
,
a
3
, …,
a
n
is defined by
a
n
= 9 +
a
n
– 1
for each
integer
n
≥ 2. If
a
1
= 11, what is the value of
a
35
?
51. In sequence
Q
, the first number is 3, and each subsequent number in the
sequence is determined by doubling the previous number and then adding
2. In the first 10 terms of the sequence, how many times does the digit 8
appear in the units digit?
52. For which of the following functions
f
(
x
) is
f
(
a
+
b
) =
f
(
a
) +
f
(
b
)?
(A)
f
(
x
) =
x
2
(B)
f
(
x
) = 5
x
(C)
f
(
x
) = 2
x
+ 1
(D)
f
(
x
) =
(E)
f
(
x
) =
x
– 2
Sam invests a principal of $10,000, which earns interest over a period of
years.
53.
Quantity A
The final value of the investment
after 2 years at 8% interest,
compounded annually
Quantity B
The final value of the investment
after 4 years at 4% interest,
compounded annually
54. The number of years it would take for the value of an investment to
double, at 26% interest compounded annually, is approximately which of
the following?
(A)
2
(B)
3
(C)
4
(D)
5
(E)
6
55. An investment is made at 12.5% annual simple interest. The number of
years it will take for the cumulative value of the interest to equal the
original investment is equal to which of the following?
(A)
4
(B)
5
(C)
6
(D)
7
(E)
8
56. If
f
(2
a
) = 2
f
(
a
) and
f
(6) = 11, what is the value of
f
(24)?
(A)
22
(B)
24
(C)
44
(D)
66
(E)
88
57. If
f
(
x
) =
f
, which of the following is true for all values of
f
(
x
)?
(A)
f
(
x
) = 2
x
+ 2
(B)
f
(
x
) = 13
x
(C)
f
(
x
) =
x
2
(D)
f
(
x
) =
x
– 10
(E)
f
(
x
) =
Functions, Formulas, and Sequences Answers
1.
(E).
Use the notation “
f
(
x
)” and “
f
(2)” as an indication to substitute 2 for
x
in the given equation:
f
(2) = (2)
2
+ 1
f
(2) = 5
Likewise, plug –2 in for
x
:
f
(–2) = (–2)
2
+ 1
f
(–2) = 5
Now add: 5 + 5 = 10.
2.
(B).
Be careful with the notation here. The problem indicates that
h
(
m
) = –
19,
not
that
h
(–19) = something else. Do not plug –19 in for
x
; rather, plug
m
in for
x
and set the answer equal to –19:
2
m
3
– 3 = –19
2
m
3
= –16
m
3
= –8
m
= –2
3.
1.
The main function is
f
(
x
) =
x
+ 5. The notation
f
(2
g
) indicates that you
should plug 2
g
in for all instances of
x
:
f
(2
g
) = 2
g
+ 5, which is also given as
19. If 2
g
+ 5 = 19, then 2
g
= 14, and
g
= 7.
The question asks for the value of
f
(3 – g), which is
f
(3 – 7) =
f
(–4) = –4 + 5 =
1.
4.
720.
Plug
m
and
n
into the function in place of
a
and
b.
If
f
(
m, n
) = 5, then:
m
2
n
4
= 5
This cannot be further simplified, so continue to the second part of the
problem: plug 3
m
and 2
n
into the function for
a
and
b
:
f
(3
m
, 2
n
) = (3
m
)
2
(2
n
)
4
= 9
m
2
16
n
4
= 144
m
2
n
4
Since
m
2
n
4
= 5, 144
m
2
n
4
= 144(5) = 720.
5.
(A).
The question requires plugging
y
into the function, then plugging –1
into the function, then summing the two results:
f
(
y
) =
y
2
– 1
f
(–1) = (–1)
2
– 1
f
(–1) = 0
Thus,
f
(
y
) +
f
(–1) =
y
2
– 1 + 0 =
y
2
– 1.
6.
1.
When dealing with “nested” functions, solve the innermost function first:
f
(10) =
– 1 = 4
f
(4) =
– 1 = 1
Thus,
f
(
f
(10)) = 1.
7.
(E).
Replace each
x
with the expression (
a
+
b
) to solve for
h
(
a
+
b
).
h
(
a
+
b
) = 5(
a
+
b
)
2
+ (
a
+
b
)
h
(
a
+
b
) = 5(
a
2
+ 2
ab
+
b
2
) +
a
+
b
h
(
a
+
b
) = 5
a
2
+ 10
ab
+ 5
b
2
+
a
+
b
8.
(A).
The question uses a made-up symbol in place of the traditional
notation
f
(
x
). To answer the question, “If
= 2
x
2
+ 2, which of the
following is equal to
?” plug 4 into the given function.
= 2(4)
2
+ 2
= 34
Do not fall for trap answer choice (E). The correct answer is 34, which does
not appear in the choices in that form. Trap choice (E) is
, which equals
2(34)
2
+ 2; this is much greater than 34.
Instead, solve each answer choice until one equals 34. Choice (A),
, uses
the function symbol twice, so plug –1 into the function, then plug the
resulting answer back into the function again:
= 2(–1)
2
+ 2 = 4
= 2(4)
2
+ 2 = 34
(Note: you do not need to complete this math if you notice that
must have
the same value as the original
in the question stem.)
Thus,
= 34, choice (A), is correct. It is not necessary to try the other
answer choices.
9.
(B).
This problem uses a made-up symbol that is then defined verbally,
rather than with a formula.
has two different definitions:
If
x
is odd,
equals the least integer greater than
x
(e.g., if
x
= 3, then
the “least integer greater than 3” is equal to 4).
If
x
is even,
equals the greatest integer less than
x
(e.g., if
x
= 6, the
“greatest integer less than
x
” is equal to 5).
Since –2 is even,
= the greatest integer less than –2, or –3.
Since 5 is odd,
= the least integer greater than 5, or 6.
Thus,
–
= –3 – 6 = –9.
10.
32.
For the function
g
(
x
) =
x
2
– 4, plugging
c
in for
x
gives the answer 12.
Thus:
c
2
– 4 = 12
c
2
= 16
c
= 4 or –4
The problem indicates that
c
< 0, so
c
must be –4.
The problem then asks for
g
(
c
– 2). Since
c
= –4,
c
– 2 = –6. Plug –6 into the
function:
g
(–6) = (–6)
2
– 4
g
(–6) = 36 – 4 = 32
11.
43.
The problem introduces two functions and asks for
h
(
g
(5)). When
dealing with “nested” functions, begin with the innermost function:
g
(5) = 5
2
– 3 = 22
h
(22) = 2(22) – 1 = 43
Thus,
h
(
g
(5)) = 43.
12.
20.
The problem introduces two functions as well as the fact that
g
(
m
) =
29. First, solve for
m
:
g
(
m
) =
m
2
– 7 = 29
m
2
= 36
m
= 6 or –6
The question asks for
h
(
m
):
h
(6) = |3 × 6| + 2 = |18| + 2 = 18 + 2 = 20
h
(–6) = |3 × –6| + 2 = |–18| + 2 = 18 + 2 = 20
The answer is 20 for either value of
m
.
13.
(or any equivalent fraction).
This function defines a made-up
symbol rather than using traditional function notation such as
f
(
x
). Since *
x
is
defined as “the square of one-half of
x
”:
The question asks for *5 divided by *3:
*5 = (2.5)
2
= 6.25
*3 = (1.5)
2
= 2.25
Therefore,
.
Alternatively, you can reduce before squaring:
14.
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