A. M. Cabbarov Rəyçilər: f e. d., professor M. Y. Qazıyeva
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Часть II
Слова к части II advantage [əd'va:ntıdз] n üstünlük (преимущество) disadvantage [dısəd'va:ntıdз] n arzuolunmaz hal, çatışmazlıq (невыгодное положение; недостаток) expose [ıks'pouz] v qoymaq, irəli sürmək (выставлять; подвергать(действию)) exposure [ıks'poı3ə] n qoyulma, irəli süürlmə (выставление) strain [streın] v gərginləşmək (напрягаться) residential areas [,rezı'den∫l 'εərıəz] yaşayış sahələri (жилые кварталы) pupil ['pju:pl] n bəbək (зрачок) impair [ım'pεə] v pozmaq, zədələmək (нарушать, повреждать) regard [rı'ga:d] v hesab etmək (считать, рассматривать) decay [dı'keı] v dağılmaq, uçmaq (разлагаться, разрушаться); n dağılma, uçma (разрушение, упадок) Çalışmalar Упражнения Çalışma 1. Ayrılmış sözlərə uyğun gələn sözlər seçin və onları tərcümə edin. Упражнение 1. Подберите соответствующее значение к выделенным словам и переведите данные предложения. 1. There are disadvantages (arzuolunmaz hal, çatışmazlıq; неблагоприятное положение, недостаток, вред) in intense urbanization. 2. The most damaging effect of noise is the disruption (dağılma, süqut etmə, korlanma; крушение, раскол, руины, разрыв) of our psychic balance. 3. In our concern with other forms of environmental decay (çürümə, solma, dağılma, гниение, разрушение, расстройство) we have overlooked the importance of noise control. 4. Loud, harsh and persistent noise impairs (zəiflətmək, azaltmaq,korlamaq, pisləşdirmək, ослабевать, ухудшать, портить) the functioning of our minds (düşüncə, yaddaş, təfəkkür, ум, память, настроение, мнение). 5. Noise must be regarded (касаться, разглядывать, считать) far more than just an annoyance. Text В Noise Pollution From almost every health-related standpoint, we can say that there are disadvantages in intense urbanization. Environmental problems include air pollution, sewage disposal, acquisition of safe waters, noise abatement, space for outdoor recreation, emotional stress and a host of other problems. One of the more recently «discovered» pollutants in the modem environment is noise. For the city dweller noise may be the most significant environmental pollutant. He is constantly buffeted by the noise of aircraft, trains, motorcycles, buses, machinery when he is at home and at work, his neighbour’s stereo, and his neighbour’s toilet flushing. One study showed that the average noise level in residential areas rose as much as 9 decibels between 1984 and 1987. Some of the effects of noise have been known or suspected for years. Fatigue, emotional stress, and permanent loss of hearing acuity are well- documented effects. Other studies have shown that noise, either prolonged or sudden, produces involuntary responses by the circulatory, digestive and nervous systems. Noise can cause adrenalin to be shot into the blood as during stress and anxiety periods; it can cause the heart to beat rapidly, the blood vessels to constrict, the pupils to dilate, and the stomach, esophagus, and intestines to be seized by spasm. A three-year study of university students showed that noise of only 7 decibels consistently caused constriction of the coronary arteries which supply oxygen to the heart muscle. Permanent hearing loss occurs with prolonged exposure to sounds of over 90 decibels. Probably the most damaging effect of noise on the quality of human life is its disruption of our psychic balance. Loud, harsh, or persistent noise puts our nerves «on edge» so that our personal relationships are strained and often explosive, interferes with our concentration, and impairs the efficient functioning of our minds. Noise must not be regarded as no more than just an annoyance because it is a serious threat to the quality of our lives. In our concern with other forms of environmental decay, we have laigely overlooked the importance of noise control, and noise levels continued to creep upward.1 Like any other form of pollution control, noise control will require legislated limits on noise levels, strict enforcement of those limits, and a personal concern2 for the rights of others to live in a decent environment. Qeydlər Notes 1. to creep upward – yuxarıya doğru sürünmək, ползти вверх 2. personal concern –şəxsi maraq, личная заинтересованность Çalışma 2. Aşağıdakı mülahizələri oxuyun. B mətnində verilmiş mülahizələri daha dolğun ifadə edən cümlələri tapın və onları oxuyun. Упражнение 2. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.
II hissə Часть III 22-ci dərsə aid ümumiləşdirici yoxlama Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 22 Çalışma 1. Bağlayıcısız işlənən budaq cümlələri tapın və tərcümə edin. Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения, в которых отсутствует союз. 1.Any modern vehicle should be propelled by electric motors which reduce pollution and noise. 2. The price we have to pay for the unlimited exploration of natural resources and the pollution of the air and water is rather high. 3. Gears that are made of plastics provide greater freedom from noise and vibrations than metal gears. 4. Had we used the recently developed device we could have saved much time. 5. We know water is a vehicle for such infections as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and other diseases having their primary seat in the digestive tract. Çalışma 2. Mətni oxuyun. Mətndə: a) tamamlıq, b) təyin, c) zərflik; Şərt budaq cümlələrini tapın. Mətni tərcümə edin. Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст. Найдите в тексте предложения: а) придаточные дополнительные; б) определительные; в) обстоятельственные; г) условные. Переведите текст. Nutrients Nutrients nourish our body and give us energy. Energy is the ability to do work. Our body uses energy for every action to move, to breathe, to think, to grow. Repairing body parts when we get hurt takes energy too. All this energy comes from nutrients in the food. You know that all foods contain moisture. The solid part of food is made up mostly of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates and fats supply our body with fuel for energy. If the carbohydrates and fats are not used for energy, they are stored in our body as fat. Proteins provide our body with material for growth and repair. Protein foods also contain some carbohydrates or fats. Meat always has fat with the protein, even if the meat is lean; milk has both caibohydrates and fat with the protein. Vitamins and minerals are other important nutrients which help our body to function properly. The research workers proved that a balanced diet contains all the nutrients necessary to keep us healthy. No one food supplies all the nutrients that our body needs. Because some foods are high in certain nutrients and other foods are high in other nutrients, it is important for us to eat a variety of foods. Over half of the food we eat should be in the form of carbohydrates. Most of the carbohydrate foods should be complex ones. Sweet foods such as sugar jam, syrup, frosting, cake and candy are not a good source of carbohydrates. Our body needs vitamins and minerals to change sugar into energy. But refined sugar has no vitamins or minerals in it. The best sources of carbohydrates contain natural sugar or starch as well as vitamins and minerals. When we are not very active we should get most of the carbohydrates that we need from fruits and vegetables because they are low in fat. GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT § 1 The Noun The noun is a part of speech which denotes names of persons and things, events, abstract notions and answers the questions Who? What? E.g. a skeleton, physiology, a patient. Nouns fall under the following classes: Special nouns: London, Mary, America Common nouns: a dog, a patient Abstract nouns: history, love, friendship Nouns of material: bread, water, matter Collective nouns: family, team, crowd The general rule for forming the plural of English nouns is by adding -s (-es) to the singular: trunk – trunks, boy – boys, hero – heroes, process – processes. There are some rules of forming plural nouns: a) by changing the root-vowel: man – men woman – women foot – feet tooth – teeth child – children mouse - mice b) some words borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their Latin or Greek plural forms: analysis-analyses, thesis-theses, datum-data, stimulus-stimuli, bacterium-bacteria, nucleus-nuclei. c) compound nouns written with hyphen form the plural by adding -s to the head-word: gall-bladder – gall-bladders, shoulder-blade – shoulder-blades, passer-by – passers-by. § 2 The Article The article is a part of speech used with nouns. There are 2 kinds of articles in English: indefinite and definite. The indefinite article a/an is derived from the numeral “one” and rendered into Azeri as “biri”, “hər hansi, “istənilən” (Russian as «один из многих», «какой- го», «любой»). I am a student. The definite article the is derived from the demonstrative pronoun that and used when both the speaker and the listener know the thing or idea already. Where is the teacher? Bring me the anatomy atlas, please. Articles always stand before nouns or words which modify the nouns. The hospital was far from his house. The new hospital was far from his house. § 3 The Adjective The adjective is a part of speech expressing a quality: a sick boy, small arteries. The adjectives have 3 degrees of comparison: the positive degree, the comparative degree and the superlative degree. They are formed in the following ways: a) by adding -er in the comparative degree and -est in the superlative degree for monosyllabic and some disyllabic adjectives; b) by placing more or less in the comparative degree and the most or the least in the superlative degree before the polysyllabic adjectives. large – larger – the largest easy – easier – the easiest interesting – more (less) interesting – the most (least)interesting Some adjectives have irregular forms of degrees of comparison: good – better – the best bad – worse – the worst many/much – more – the most little – less – the least The pair conjunction as … as is used in the positive degree to show that something is the same or equal. Anatomy is as interesting as physiology. Anatomiya fiziologiya kimi maraqlıdır. Анатомия такой же интересный предмет, как физиология.
The walls of capillaries are not so thick as the walls of larger arteries and veins. Kapilyarların divarları böyük damarların və venaların divarları kimi qalın deyil. Стенки капилляров не такие плотные, как стенки крупных артерий и вен. § 4 The Construction the …. The The construction the .... the is a double comparative and used to describe a cause-and-effect process: the more … the more, the less … the less, the more … the less, the better … the more, etc. The better people are physically trained, the more oxygen they have in their blood. İnsanlar daha çox fiziki məşq etsələr qanlarında daha çox oksigen olar. Чем лучше люди физически тренированы, тем больше кислорода содержится в их крови. § 5 The Numeral The numeral is a part of speech which indicates the number or the order of persons and things in a series. They are divided into cardinals which answer the questions How much? How many? (one, two, three) and ordinals which answer the question Which? (first, second, third).
In forming the ordinal number of composite numerals the last element takes -th: the 647th – the six hundred and forty-seventh. In simple fractional numerals the numerator is a cardinal and the denominator is a substantivized ordinal. The numerator is read first: ½ - a half, ¼ - a quarter, 1/3 – one third, 2/6 – two sixths. In decimal fractions the whole is separated from the fraction by a dot (a full stop), not by a comma: 6.08 — six point о [ou] eight. The years are pronounced in pairs: 1942 — nineteen forty-two min doqquz yüz qırx iki тысяча девятьсот сорок второй год. The dates are read with ordinal numerals in two ways: December 31, 1988 – the thirty-first of December, nineteen eighty-eight or December the thirty-first, nineteen eighty-eight. § 6 The Pronoun The pronoun is a part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them. The pronouns can be personal, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite, reflexive, negative, etc. Pirogov is the greatest Russian surgeon. He used the methods of antiseptics during the Crimean war. Personal Pronouns The personal pronouns have the grammatical categories of case and number. The personal pronouns have 2 cases: the nominative case and the objective case. The nominative case: I, he, she, it, we, you, they. The objective case: me, him, her, it, us, you, them.
Conjoint forms of possessive pronouns are: my, his, her, its, our, your, their. The conjoint form is used when the possessive pronoun comes before the noun it modifies. I have left my book at home, can you give me yours? Absolute forms of possessive pronouns are: mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs. The absolute form of the possessive pronoun is used when the possessive pronoun does not modify any noun. That umbrella is mine.
After these pronouns the word one is used in order not to repeat the already mentioned noun. This book is mine and that one is yours. Bu kitab mənimdir, o isə sizindir. Эта книга моя, а та — ваша. Interrogative and Relative Pronouns The interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions. They are: who, whose, what, which. Whose car was stolen yesterday? The pronouns who and what can perform the functions of subject and object. Who is ready for the lesson? (subject) Who are you waiting for? (object) What is there in the anatomy museum? (subject) What did you see at the anatomy museum yesterday? (object) The relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that) are used to introduce attributive clauses. The word they refer to is called their antecedent. It may be a noun or a pronoun. A doctor is someone who cures sick people. The house which has been empty for 2 years is at the end of the street. Reflexive Pronouns The reflexive pronouns are formed with the suffix -self for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons singular and -selves for the plural. They are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. When she came back she was herself again. In Modern English reflexive pronouns are not normally used after the verbs wash, dress, shave, feel, relax, concentrate, meet. I got up, shaved, washed and dressed. What time shall we meet?
I want to say something. Some say the world will end in fire, some say in ice. If you have any new books, show them to me. Where is his home? He didn’t have any. There are two ways of forming negative sentences:
My sister studies at the Medical University. Verbs can be simple, derived, compound and composite. Simple verbs have no prefixes or suffixes (read, open, tell); derived verbs are formed with suffixes and prefixes (magnify, captivate, decompose); compound verbs consist of 2 stems (daydream, browbeat, whitewash); composite verbs consist of a verb and a preposition or an adverb (sit down, go away, give up) According to the syntactical functions of verbs they are divided into notional, auxiliary and link verbs. Notional verbs have a full meaning of their own and have the function of a simple predicate. I study English at the University. Auxiliary verbs (have, be, do) are used only as form words; they have no lexical meanings of their own. They have only a grammatical meaning. Do you speak English? I don’t remember you. He has just come Link verbs are verbs which have lost their meaning to a smaller or greater extent. (to be, to look, to remain, to get, to keep, etc.) He was a child of ten. You look sad. She turned pale. It is getting warmer. Modal verbs (can, may, must, should, etc.) don’t express an action. They express the speaker’s attitude to the action. Ex: He can read and write in English. We must help one another. The Category of Mood Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. In Modern English we distinguish 3 Moods:
The Indicative mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact. We study in the first course. I had prepared my lesson by 8 o’clock yesterday. The Imperative mood expresses a command or a request.
The Subjunctive mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. If I were in London I should visit the British Museum. § 9 Forms of the English Verbs In Modern English the verb has 2 forms: finite and non-finite forms. The finite forms of the verb have the categories of person (1st, 2nd, 3rd persons), number (singular and plural), mood (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), tense (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous) and voice (Active and Passive). The finite forms of the verb are used as a predicate in the sentence and agree with the subject in person and number.
The main forms of the verb are as follows: 1. The Infinitive 2. Past Indefinite 3. Participle II 4. Participle I According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed verbs are divided into 2 groups: regular and irregular.
Present Indefinite expresses a fact which is always true or true for a long time; a habit. My friend works at the Medical Institute. Past Indefinite The regular verbs are formed by adding -ed to the verbs: work-worked, play-played The irregular verbs are formed in different ways: go-went, do-did, set-set Past Indefinite expresses an action the time of which is over. This action is in no way connected with the present. Не got up very early, washed, had his breakfast, dressed and went to the Institute. Future Indefinite Future Indefinite refers the action to the future. It is formed with the auxiliary verb will for all persons singular and plural and the infinitive of the notional verb without “to”. He will be here in five minutes. In the interrogative sentences the Indefinite tense forms are formed by means of the auxiliary verbs: do/does for Present Indefinite, did for Past Indefinite and will for Future Indefinite. In the negative form the particle not is placed after the auxiliary verbs.
§ 11 Continuous Active Tense Forms Continuous Active tense forms are used to denote an action which is happening now, was going on at a certain moment in the past or will be happening at a certain moment in the future.
They are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in present (am/is/are), past (was/were) and future tenses (will be) + Participle I. § 12 Perfect Active Tense Forms Perfect Active Tense forms are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have (have/has for Present, had for Past, will have for Future) + Participle II. The Present Perfect is used to denote: 1. an action happened at indefinite time in the past. I have translated a new article from «Moscow News». 2. a completed action the time of which is not over at the time of speaking. It’s used with the adverbs: today, this morning/this week/this month/this year. I have drunk four cups of coffee today. She has returned from London this week. 3. The Present Perfect is often used with the adverbs: just, yet, already, lately, recently, often, always, never, ever. She has just returned from the town. 4. The Present Perfect expresses an action which began in the past and continues to the present. In this case the prepositions for and since are used. Since expresses the starting point of the action. For expresses the whole period of time. She has been absent for two days. I’m hungry. I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast.
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. The Future Perfect denotes an action completed before a definite moment in the future. We’re late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. § 13 Perfect Continuous Active Tense Forms The Perfect Continuous Active tense forms are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect) + Participle I. The Present Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action which began in the past and continues to the present. In this case we use for and since. I have been sitting here since you saw me. The Past Perfect Continuous denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to the past moment and was still in progress at that moment with for and since. We could go nowhere because it had been raining since morning. The Future Perfect Continuous denotes an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will be going on at that moment. It is used with the preposition for. He will have been learning English for a year when you visit us again. § 14 The Passive Voice Voice is the category of the verb which indicates the relation of the predicate, the subject and the object. There are 2 voices in Modern English: 1. The Active Voice 2. The Passive Voice In the Active Voice the subject is the doer of the action (the subject acts). In the Passive Voice the subject isn’t the doer of the action (the subject is acted upon). It is used where the doer of the action is unknown and unimportant. The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the corresponding tense forms + Yüklə 2,39 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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