A. M. Cabbarov Rəyçilər: f e. d., professor M. Y. Qazıyeva



Yüklə 2,39 Mb.
səhifə24/27
tarix04.01.2017
ölçüsü2,39 Mb.
#4497
növüDərslik
1   ...   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26   27
Часть II

II hissəyə aid sözlər



Слова к части II
advantage [əd'va:ntıdз] n üstünlük (преимущество)

disadvantage [dısəd'va:ntıdз] n arzuolunmaz hal, çatışmazlıq (невы­годное положение; недостаток)

expose [ıks'pouz] v qoymaq, irəli sürmək (выст­ав­лять; под­вергать(действию))

exposure [ıks'poı3ə] n qoyulma, irəli süürlmə (выс­тав­ление)

strain [streın] v gərginləşmək (напрягаться)

residential areas [,rezı'den∫l 'εərıəz] yaşayış sahələri (жилые кварталы)

pupil ['pju:pl] n bəbək (зрачок)

impair [ım'pεə] v pozmaq, zədələmək (нарушать, пов­реж­дать)

regard [rı'ga:d] v hesab etmək (считать, рассмат­ривать)

decay [dı'keı] v dağılmaq, uçmaq (разлагаться, раз­ру­­ш­аться); n dağılma, uçma (разрушение, упадок)
Çalışmalar

Упражнения
Çalışma 1. Ayrılmış sözlərə uyğun gələn sözlər seçin və onları tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 1. Подберите соответствующее зна­че­ние к выделенным словам и переведите данные предложения.

1. There are disadvantages (arzuolunmaz hal, çatışmazlıq; неблагоприятное положение, недоста­ток, вред) in intense urbanization. 2. The most damaging effect of noise is the disruption (dağılma, süqut etmə, korlanma; кру­шение, раскол, руины, разрыв) of our psychic ba­lance. 3. In our concern with other forms of environmental de­cay (çürümə, solma, dağılma, гниение, разрушение, расст­ройство) we have overlooked the importance of no­ise control. 4. Loud, harsh and persistent noise impairs (zəif­lətmək, azaltmaq,korlamaq, pis­ləş­dir­mək, осла­бевать, ухудшать, портить) the functioning of our minds (düş­üncə, yaddaş, təfəkkür, ум, память, нас­тро­ение, мне­ние). 5. Noise must be regarded (касаться, ра­з­гля­ды­вать, считать) far more than just an annoyance.
Text В

Noise Pollution
From almost every health-related standpoint, we can say that there are disadvantages in intense urbanization. En­vironmental problems in­clude air pollution, sewage dispo­sal, acquisition of safe waters, noise abatement, space for outdoor recreation, emotional stress and a host of other problems.

One of the more recently «discovered» pollutants in the modem en­vironment is noise. For the city dweller no­i­se may be the most signifi­cant environmental pollutant. He is constantly buffeted by the noise of aircraft, trains, mo­­to­rcycles, buses, machinery when he is at home and at w­ork, his neighbour’s stereo, and his neighbour’s toilet flu­s­­hing. One study showed that the average noise level in re­s­idential areas rose as much as 9 decibels between 1984 and 1987.

Some of the effects of noise have been known or suspected for years. Fatigue, emotional stress, and per­ma­nent loss of hearing acuity are well- documented eff­ects. Other studies have shown that noise, either prolonged or sudden, produces involuntary responses by the circ­ulatory, digestive and nervous systems. Noise can cause adre­nalin to be shot into the blood as during stress and anxiety periods; it can cause the heart to beat rapidly, the bloo­d vessels to constrict, the pupils to dilate, and the sto­mach, esophagus, and intestines to be seized by spasm. A thre­e-year study of university students showed that noise of only 7 decibels consis­tently caused constriction of the cor­onary arteries which supply oxygen to the heart mus­cle. Permanent hearing loss occurs with prolonged expos­ure to sounds of over 90 decibels.

Probably the most damaging effect of noise on the qua­lity of human life is its disruption of our psychic balan­ce. Loud, harsh, or persistent noise puts our nerves «on edge» so that our personal relationships are strained and of­ten explosive, interferes with our concentration, and im­pa­i­rs the efficient functioning of our minds. Noise must not be re­garded as no more than just an annoyance because it is a serious threat to the quality of our lives.

In our concern with other forms of environmental de­cay, we have laigely overlooked the importance of noise con­tr­ol, and noise levels continued to creep upward.1 Like any other form of pollution control, noise control will require legislated limits on noise levels, strict enforce­ment of those limits, and a personal concern2 for the rights of others to live in a decent environment.
Qeydlər

Notes
1. to creep upward – yuxarıya doğru sürünmək, пол­зти вверх

2. personal concern –şəxsi maraq, личная заи­нте­рес­ованность
Çalışma 2. Aşağıdakı mülahizələri oxuyun. B mətnində verilmiş mülahizələri daha dolğun ifadə edən cümlələri tapın və onları oxuyun.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите нижеприведенные суж­дения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более пол­но выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.

  1. For the city dweller noise may be an envir­on­me­ntal pollutant. 2. The average noise level in resid­ential areas has risen. 3. The effect of noise is the disruption of our psychic balance. 4. Noise levels continue to creep upward. 5. Like any other form of pollution noise should be controlled.


II hissə

Часть III

22-ci dərsə aid ümumiləşdirici yoxlama

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 22
Çalışma 1. Bağlayıcısız işlənən budaq cümlələri tapın və tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите при­да­точные предложения, в которых отсутствует союз.

1.Any modern vehicle should be propelled by electric motors which reduce pollution and noise. 2. The price we have to pay for the unlim­ited exploration of natural res­ources and the pollution of the air and water is rather hi­gh. 3. Gears that are made of plastics provide greater fre­edom from noise and vibrations than metal gears. 4. Ha­d we used the recently developed device we could have sa­ved much time. 5. We know water is a vehicle for such infec­tions as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and other diseases having their primary seat in the digestive tract.
Çalışma 2. Mətni oxuyun. Mətndə: a) tamamlıq, b) tə­yin, c) zərflik; Şərt budaq cümlələrini tapın. Mətni tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст. Найдите в тексте пред­ложения: а) прида­точные дополнительные; б) оп­ре­д­елительные; в) обстоятельственные; г) условные. Пе­р­еведите текст.
Nutrients
Nutrients nourish our body and give us energy. Energy is the ability to do work. Our body uses energy for every action to move, to breathe, to think, to grow. Repairing body parts when we get hurt takes energy too. All this energy comes from nutrients in the food.

You know that all foods contain moisture. The solid part of food is made up mostly of carbohydrates, fats and pro­teins. Carbohydrates and fats supply our body with fuel for energy. If the carbohydrates and fats are not used for en­ergy, they are stored in our body as fat. Proteins provide ou­r body with material for growth and repair. Protein foods also contain some carbohydrates or fats. Meat always has fat with the pro­tein, even if the meat is lean; milk has both caibohydrates and fat with the protein. Vitamins and mi­n­erals are other important nutrients which help our bo­dy to function properly.

The research workers proved that a balanced diet con­tains all the nutrients necessary to keep us healthy. No one food supplies all the nutrients that our body needs. Bec­ause some foods are high in certain nutrients and other fo­ods are high in other nutrients, it is important for us to eat a variety of foods.

Over half of the food we eat should be in the form of car­bohydrates. Most of the carbohydrate foods should be co­mplex ones. Sweet foods such as sugar jam, syrup, frost­ing, cake and candy are not a good source of carbohydrates. Our body needs vitamins and minerals to cha­nge sug­ar into energy. But refined sugar has no vitamins or minerals in it. The best sources of carbohydrates contain natural sugar or starch as well as vitamins and mi­ne­rals. When we are not very active we should get most of the carbohydrates that we need from fruits and vegetables because they are low in fat.



GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT

§ 1 The Noun


The noun is a part of speech which denotes names of persons and things, events, abstract notions and answers the questions Who? What? E.g. a skeleton, physiology, a patient. Nouns fall under the following classes:

Special nouns: London, Mary, America

Common nouns: a dog, a patient

Abstract nouns: history, love, friendship

Nouns of material: bread, water, matter

Collective nouns: family, team, crowd

The general rule for forming the plural of English nouns is by adding -s (-es) to the singular: trunk – trunks, boy – boys, hero – heroes, process – processes. There are some rules of forming plural nouns:

a) by changing the root-vowel:

man – men

woman – women

foot – feet

tooth – teeth

child – children

mouse - mice

b) some words borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their Latin or Greek plural forms: analysis-analyses, thesis-theses, datum-data, stimulus-stimuli, bacterium-bacteria, nucleus-nuclei.

c) compound nouns written with hyphen form the plural by adding -s to the head-word: gall-bladder – gall-bladders, shoulder-blade – shoulder-blades, passer-by – passers-by.


§ 2 The Article
The article is a part of speech used with nouns. There are 2 kinds of articles in English: indefinite and definite. The indefinite article a/an is derived from the numeral “one” and rendered into Azeri as “biri”, “hər hansi, “istənilən” (Russian as «один из многих», «какой- го», «любой»).

I am a student.

The definite article the is derived from the dem­ons­tra­tive pronoun that and used when both the speaker and the listener know the thing or idea already.

Where is the teacher?

Bring me the anatomy atlas, please.

Articles always stand before nouns or words which mo­dify the nouns.



The hospital was far from his house.

The new hospital was far from his house.
§ 3 The Adjective
The adjective is a part of speech expressing a quality: a sick boy, small arteries. The adjectives have 3 de­g­rees of comparison: the positive degree, the com­par­ativ­e degree and the superlative degree. They are for­med in the following ways:

a) by adding -er in the comparative degree and -est in the superlative degree for monosyllabic and some dis­ylla­bic adjectives;

b) by placing more or less in the comparative degree and the most or the least in the superlative degree before the polysyllabic adjectives.

large – larger – the largest

easy – easier – the easiest

interesting – more (less) interesting – the most (least)interesting

Some adjectives have irregular forms of degrees of com­parison:

good – better – the best

bad – worse – the worst

many/much – more – the most

little – less – the least

The pair conjunction as … as is used in the positive degr­ee to show that something is the same or equal.

Anatomy is as interesting as physiology. Anatomiya fiz­io­logiya kimi maraqlıdır. Анатомия такой же инте­рес­ный предмет, как физиология.

In the negative sentences the first as is usually rep­la­c­ed with so.

The walls of capillaries are not so thick as the walls of larger arteries and veins. Kapilyarların divarları böyük dam­a­rların və venaların divarları kimi qalın deyil. Стенки ка­п­­илляров не такие плотные, как стенки круп­ных ар­т­е­рий и вен.


§ 4 The Construction the …. The
The construction the .... the is a double comparative and used to describe a cause-and-effect process: the more … the more, the less … the less, the more … the less, the bet­ter … the more, etc.

The better people are physically trained, the more oxy­gen they have in their blood. İnsanlar daha çox fiziki m­əş­q etsələr qanlarında daha çox oksigen olar. Чем луч­ше люди физически тренированы, тем больше кис­лор­ода содержится в их крови.
§ 5 The Numeral
The numeral is a part of speech which indicates the number or the order of persons and things in a series. They are divided into cardinals which answer the questions How much? How many? (one, two, three) and ordinals which answer the question Which? (first, second, third).


Numerals










Cardinals

Ordinals


Cardinals


Numerals

in tens

Cardinals

1 one

(the) first

11 eleven

10 ten

100 a (one) hundred

2 two

(the) second

12 twelve

20 twenty

1000 a (one) tho­u­sa­nd

3 three

(the) third

13 thirteen

30 thirty

1 000 000 a (one) mi­l­lion

4 four

(the) fourth

14 fourteen

40 forty

1 000 000 000

5 five

(the) fifth

15 fifteen

50 fifty

a (one) milliard

6 six

(the) sixth

16 sixteen

60 sixty

(Engl.)

7 seven

(the) seventh

17 seventeen

70 seventy

a (one) billion

8 eight

(the) eighth

18 eighteen

80 eighty

(Amer.)

9 nine

(the) ninth

19 nineteen

90 ninety




10 ten

(the) tenth









In forming the ordinal number of composite nu­m­e­rals the last element takes -th: the 647th – the six hundred and forty-seventh.

In simple fractional numerals the numerator is a ca­rd­inal and the denominator is a substantivized ordinal. The numerator is read first: ½ - a half, ¼ - a quarter, 1/3 – one third, 2/6 – two sixths.

In decimal fractions the whole is separated from the fra­c­tion by a dot (a full stop), not by a comma: 6.08 — six point о [ou] eight.

The years are pronounced in pairs: 1942 — nineteen forty-two min doqquz yüz qırx iki тысяча девятьсот со­рок второй год.

The dates are read with ordinal numerals in two ways: December 31, 1988 – the thirty-first of December, nine­teen eighty-eight or December the thirty-first, nin­et­een eighty-eight.


§ 6 The Pronoun
The pronoun is a part of speech which points out obj­ects and their qualities without naming them. The pr­on­ouns can be personal, possessive, demonstrative, inte­rro­gative, relative, indefinite, reflexive, negative, etc.

Pirogov is the greatest Russian surgeon. He used the meth­ods of antiseptics during the Crimean war.


Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns have the grammatical categories of case and number. The personal pronouns have 2 cases: the nominative case and the objective case.

The nominative case: I, he, she, it, we, you, they.

The objective case: me, him, her, it, us, you, them.

He arranged to meet her at the 96th Street station.
Possessive Pronouns
The possessive pronouns have 2 forms: the depen­dent (or conjoint) form and the independent (or absolute) form.

Conjoint forms of possessive pronouns are: my, his, her, its, our, your, their. The conjoint form is used when the possessive pronoun comes before the noun it modifies.

I have left my book at home, can you give me yours?

Absolute forms of possessive pronouns are: mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs. The absolute form of the posse­ssive pronoun is used when the possessive pronoun does not modify any noun.

That umbrella is mine.

Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns this and that have two numbers: this – these, that – those. This is used to point at what is nearer in time or space; that points at what is farther away in time or space.

That sounds great! This boy might do the operation.

After these pronouns the word one is used in order not to repeat the already mentioned noun.



This book is mine and that one is yours. Bu kitab mənimdir, o isə sizindir. Эта книга моя, а та — ваша.
Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
The interrogative pronouns are used to form special que­stions. They are: who, whose, what, which.

Whose car was stolen yesterday?

The pronouns who and what can perform the fun­cti­o­ns of subject and object.



Who is ready for the lesson? (subject)

Who are you waiting for? (object)

What is there in the anatomy museum? (subject)

What did you see at the anatomy museum yesterday? (object)

The relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that) are used to introduce attributive clauses. The word they refer to is called their antecedent. It may be a noun or a pro­no­un.

A doctor is someone who cures sick people.

The house which has been empty for 2 years is at the end of the street.


Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns are formed with the suffix -self for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons singular and -selves for the plural. They are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

When she came back she was herself again.

In Modern English reflexive pronouns are not nor­mal­ly used after the verbs wash, dress, shave, feel, relax, co­n­centrate, meet.

I got up, shaved, washed and dressed.

What time shall we meet?
§ 7 Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronouns point out some person or thin­g indefinitely. The indefinite pronouns are: some, any, som­ebody, someone, anybody, anyone, something, any­th­ing, one. Some somebody, someone, something are chiefly used in affirmative sentences while any, anybody, anyone, anything are used in negative and interrogative sentences and in conditional clauses.

I want to say something. Some say the world will end in fire, some say in ice. If you have any new books, show them to me. Where is his home? He didn’t have any.

There are two ways of forming negative sentences:

She did not see anybody in the room. = She saw nobody in the room.

Whose job is it?
This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. There was an important job to be done and Every­body was sure Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that, because it was Every­body’s job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn’t do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done.
§ 8 The Verb
The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action.

My sister studies at the Medical University.

Verbs can be simple, derived, compound and com­po­site. Simple verbs have no prefixes or suffixes (read, op­en, tell); derived verbs are formed with suffixes and pre­fix­es (magnify, captivate, decompose); compound verbs co­nsist of 2 stems (daydream, browbeat, whitewash); com­posite verbs consist of a verb and a preposition or an ad­verb (sit down, go away, give up)

According to the syntactical functions of verbs they are divided into notional, auxiliary and link verbs.



Notional verbs have a full meaning of their own and ha­ve the function of a simple predicate.

I study English at the University.



Auxiliary verbs (have, be, do) are used only as form wor­ds; they have no lexical meanings of their own. They ha­ve only a grammatical meaning.

Do you speak English? I don’t remember you. He has just come

Link verbs are verbs which have lost their meaning to a smaller or greater extent. (to be, to look, to remain, to get, to keep, etc.)

He was a child of ten. You look sad. She turned pale. It is getting warmer.



Modal verbs (can, may, must, should, etc.) don’t express an action. They express the speaker’s attitude to the action. Ex: He can read and write in English. We must help one another.
The Category of Mood
Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the at­titude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. In Modern Eng­lish we distinguish 3 Moods:

  1. The Indicative Mood.

  2. The Imperative Mood.

  3. The Subjunctive Mood.

The Indicative mood shows that the action or state ex­p­ressed by the verb is presented as a fact.

We study in the first course. I had prepared my les­son by 8 o’clock yesterday.

The Imperative mood expresses a command or a req­uest.

Open your books on page 5. Don’t take those pills. Let’s go.

The Subjunctive mood shows that the action or state exp­r­e­ssed by the verb is presented as non-fact, as som­ethi­ng imaginary or desired.



If I were in London I should visit the British Mu­se­um.

§ 9 Forms of the English Verbs

In Modern English the verb has 2 forms: finite and non-finite forms. The finite forms of the verb have the cat­eg­o­ries of person (1st, 2nd, 3rd persons), number (singular and plural), mood (indicative, imperative and subj­un­cti­ve), tense (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Cont­inuous) and voice (Active and Passive).

The finite forms of the verb are used as a predicate in the sentence and agree with the subject in person and number.

She works at the therapeutical hospital.

The non-finite forms of the verb don’t express person, number or mood. They can’t be used as the predicate of a sentence. They are Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II and Gerund.

The main forms of the verb are as follows:

1. The Infinitive

2. Past Indefinite

3. Participle II

4. Participle I

According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed verbs are divided into 2 groups: regular and irregular.

Regular verbs form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb: to want - wanted - wanted, to open - opened - opened

Irregular verbs are formed in different ways.

make - made - made

build - built - built

write - wrote - written

set - set - set

Participle I is formed by adding -ing to the main verb: to work – working
The Category of Tense
The category of tense expresses the relationship bet­ween the time of the action and the time of speaking. The fol­lowing tenses in English are: the Present, the Past and the Future. There are 4 groups of tenses in English: 1. Indef­inite; 2. Continuous; 3. Perfect; 4. Perfect Con­tin­uo­u­s.
Indefinite Active Tense Forms

§ 10 Present Indefinite
Present Indefinite has no suffixes. Only in the 3rd per­son singular (he, she, it) we add -s (-es) to the verbs: I work, you work, he works, she works, we work, they work

Present Indefinite expresses a fact which is always true or true for a long time; a habit.



My friend works at the Medical Institute.
Past Indefinite
The regular verbs are formed by adding -ed to the verbs: work-worked, play-played

The irregular verbs are formed in different ways: go-went, do-did, set-set

Past Indefinite expresses an action the time of which is over. This action is in no way connected with the present.



Не got up very early, washed, had his breakfast, dressed and went to the Institute.

Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite refers the action to the future. It is for­­med with the auxiliary verb will for all persons singular and plural and the infinitive of the notional verb without “to”.

He will be here in five minutes.

In the interrogative sentences the Indefinite tense fo­r­ms are formed by means of the auxiliary verbs: do/does for Present Indefinite, did for Past Indefinite and will for Fu­t­ure Indefinite.

In the negative form the particle not is placed after the ­auxiliary verbs.




Tense

Forms


Present Indefinite

Past Indefinite

Future Indefinite

Declarative

They study Eng­lish.He wo­r­ks in the hos­­pital.

They studied English. He worked in the hospital.

They will study Eng­li­sh.­

He will work in the hos­pital.

Interrogative

Do they study En­glish?

Yes, th­ey do

No, they do­n’t.

Do­e­s he work in the hosp­ita­l? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.

Did they study English? Yes, they did. No, they did­n't. Did he work in the hos­pital? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

Will they study Eng­lish? Yes, they will. No, they won't.

Will he work in the ho­s­p­ital? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.

Negative

They do not study English. He does not work in the hospital.

They did not study English. He did not work in the hospital.

They will not study English. He will not work in the hospital.


§ 11 Continuous Active Tense Forms
Continuous Active tense forms are used to denote an action which is happening now, was going on at a certain moment in the past or will be happening at a certain moment in the future.


Tense

Forms


Present

Continuous

Past

Continuous

Future

Continuous

Declarative

They are writing a test.

He is reading a text.

They were writing a test when I came.

He was reading this text from 3 to 4 o'clock.

They will be writing a test tomorrow at 12 o'clock.

He will be reading this text from 3 to 4 tomorrow.

Interrogative

Are they

translating a new article?

Is he reading a book?

Were they translating a new article when you came?

Was he reading this book from 3 to 4 o'clock?

Will they be translating a new article at 12?

Will he be reading this book from 3 to 4 o'clock tomorrow?

Negative

They are not reading, they are writing a test.

He is not writing a test, he is reading a book.

They were not reading, they were writing a test when you came.

He was not writing a test, he was reading a book from 5 to 6.

They will not be reading this book at 9 o'clock to morrow.

He will not be writing a test from 3 to 4 o'clock tomorrow.

They are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in present (am/is/are), past (was/were) and future tenses (will be) + Participle I.



§ 12 Perfect Active Tense Forms
Perfect Active Tense forms are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have (have/has for Present, had for Pa­st, will have for Future) + Participle II.

The Present Perfect is used to denote:

1. an action happened at indefinite time in the past.



I have translated a new article from «Moscow News».

2. a completed action the time of which is not over at the time of speaking. It’s used with the adverbs: today, thi­s morning/this week/this month/this year.

I have drunk four cups of coffee today.

She has returned from London this week.

3. The Present Perfect is often used with the adverbs: ju­st, yet, already, lately, recently, often, always, never, ever.

She has just returned from the town.

4. The Present Perfect expresses an action which began in the past and continues to the present. In this case the prepositions for and since are used. Since expresses the starting point of the action. For expresses the whole per­iod of time.

She has been absent for two days.

I’m hungry. I haven’t eaten anything since brea­k­fast.

The Past Perfect is used to express an action in the past which happened before another action in the past.

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.



The Future Perfect denotes an action completed before a definite moment in the future.

We’re late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.


§ 13 Perfect Continuous Active Tense Forms
The Perfect Continuous Active tense forms are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect) + Participle I.

The Present Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action which began in the past and continues to the present. In this case we use for and since.

I have been sitting here since you saw me.



The Past Perfect Continuous denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to the past moment and was still in progress at that moment with for and since.

We could go nowhere because it had been raining since morning.



The Future Perfect Continuous denotes an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will be going on at that moment. It is used with the preposition for.

He will have been learning English for a year when you visit us again.


§ 14 The Passive Voice
Voice is the category of the verb which indicates the relation of the predicate, the subject and the object. There are 2 voices in Modern English:

1. The Active Voice

2. The Passive Voice

In the Active Voice the subject is the doer of the action (the subject acts). In the Passive Voice the subject isn’t the doer of the action (the subject is acted upon). It is used where the doer of the action is unknown and unimportant.

The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the corresponding tense forms +


Yüklə 2,39 Mb.

Dostları ilə paylaş:
1   ...   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26   27




Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur ©azkurs.org 2024
rəhbərliyinə müraciət

gir | qeydiyyatdan keç
    Ana səhifə


yükləyin