1. By whom were the songs of the American Revolution made up? Whose ideas were expressed
2. What role does folk poetry play in the development of national poetry?
3. Who was Philip Freneau? Enlarge on Freneau’s university year? What made him answer the
4. Which was the most important period in Freneau’s creative work Characterize each of the
5. Why can Freneau he considered the Father of American poetry?
Benjamin Franklin was a figure of universal dimensions, being printer, writer, philosopher,
scientist, economist, and statesman. As one of the leaders of the Revolution, he participated in the most
important events of his time. His powerful intellect and rare human qualities brought him world fame.
Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest of seventeen children
in the family of a poor English immigrant. He had been taught reading and writing very early and at the
age of eight was sent to a school for a year to learn arithmetic and that was bought all the education his
parents could afford. He was not yet eleven years old when he began to work in his father’s little soap
shop. Three years later, he was taken on as an apprentice e in the print-shop of his elder half-brother
who was the editor of a famous newspaper. One day the brother was sent to prison for having printed
paper and printed some articles of his own on the merits of education and on freedom of the press. He
too was soon considered too much of radical, and too outspoken a freethinker to please the Boston
clergymen who, like the early Puritans clergymen, made much fuss about their personal holiness. When
Wake – track left by a ship on water; to follow in the wake of means to follow after
4
his brother returned and took management of the paper again. Benjamin decided to leave Boston. He
was seventeen years old and he longed to be self-supporting.
At first, he went to New York, but he could not find employment there, so he went to Philadelphia,
which became his home. He found work a very of fashioned print-shop, where the technique of printing
was very bad. A year later Franklin decided to sail to Britain to master the British technique of printing.
In 1724, he worked at the printing and publishing house of James Watt
2
in London. His contact with
this British scientist proved to be a good school for him, not only in the printing trade but also in the
science.
On his return to America Franklin organized a literary and philosophic society the “the English
philosopher John Lock, all made a deep impression on the American youth. Lock had already written
his “Essay on the Human Understanding” in which he denied that man was born with any ready ideas.
Lock presented the mind as a sheet of blank paper to be written on by experience. He said that emotion
and reflection Junto”,
3
where young men met to read and discuss contemporary literature. The works of
Swift and Defoe, and articles by Steele and Addison, and particularly the works of was the source of all
ideas. Lock’s writings on the right of every individual “to Life, Liberty and Property”, on the right to
revolt against usurpation of authority and against social inequality were immensely influential in
America.
When Franklin understood that much had to be done to bring progressive thought to his
countrymen, he decided in 1733 to start a periodical. Using the pen name of Richard Saunders he began
to issue what came to be known among the readers as “Poor Richard’s Almanac”, which continued to
appear for 25 years. It was a sort of calendar and contained, in addition to useful information and literary
selections, a section in which progressive ideas on the mode of living, on education and on the political
events of the day were communicated to the reader through the fictitious Richard and his wife Bridget.
These were mostly in the form of sayings and had a powerful influence among the people: “For age and
want to save while you may: no morning sun lasts a whole day.” “God helps them that help themselves.”
“Dost thou love life, and then don’t squander time, for that’s the stuff life is made of, as Poor Richard
says.” “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” “Experience keeps a
dear school, but fools will learn in no other, as Poor Richard says.”
Some of Poor Richard’s sayings would seem to us today to be bourgeois moralizing. In bourgeois
America, these sayings are still in common use today. But in Franklin’s day, they had a certain virtue.
By the middle of the 18th century about a quarter of the population were in prison for debt, and Poor
Richard’s advice was an attempt to help people to keep out of debt and to provide means for education.
In the forties Franklin experimented on electricity and invented what was called the Franklin- rod
to draw electricity from the atmosphere. The Franklin-rod became known in all parts of the world as the
lightening- rod. The invention removed all existing mysticism about lightening.
Franklin would willingly have devoted all this time to science but the approaching Revolution
claimed his attention and became a statesman. He was sent to England to defend the interests of the
colonies before the British Parliament and present their demand of “no taxation without representation”
which meant that England had no right to tax the people who lived in America because Parliament
would not accept member from the colonies. Franklin won recognition as being very suitable for public
service, and was made a member of the Colonial Assembly. During the Revolution, he and Thomas
Jefferson were chosen to draft the Declaration of Independence. Later he was sent to France where he
succeeded in procuring financial aid in the sum of 26 million francs, and most important, the one thing
America needed – a fleet. Franklin wrote many essays while in France. His writings helped to create
sympathy in Europe for the American people in their struggle for independence, and many countries
were ready to recognize the young American Republic.
After the War of Independence Franklin was chosen a member of the Convention to frame the
Constitution of the United States. He opposed those of the Federalist Party who wanted to give dominant
2
James Watt – printer and scientist was not the inventor James Watt (1736 – 1819) in whose honour the international
unit of electric
power was named
3
Junto [dӠʌntou] – a Spanish word. It means an unofficial council or group of people who meet to discuss various
problems
5
power to the big planters and thus create a new aristocracy. He wrote many political and satirical
pamphlets defending the rights of all men including the Negroes and the Indians, and became president
of the society for the abolition of slavery. Whatever Franklin did, his purpose always was to further the
welfare of human society.
During the last years of his life, he wrote an “Autobiography”. It was written in a warm intimate
style and was intended for his sons and grandsons rather than for the world. The book, however, was
published after his death and was widely read.
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