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particularly those that use 
will
 or 
shall
 as the most universal and widely used—are 
frequently described as future tense while some may argue these verbs serve both 
as present modal verbs and future tense markers.
[4]
 
The 
will/shall
future consists of the modal verb 
will
or 
shall
together with the 
bare infinitive of the main verb, as in "He will win easily" or "I shall do it when 
time permits". (Prescriptive grammarians prefer 
will
in the second and third 
persons and 
shall
in the first person, reversing the forms to express obligation or 
determination, 
but 
in 
practice 
shall
and 
will
are 
generally 
used 
interchangeably,
[6]
 with 
will
being more common. For details see 
shall
 and 
will
.) 
The meaning of this construction is close to that expressed by the future tense in 
other languages. However the same construction with 
will
or 
shall
can have other 
meanings that do not indicate futurity, or else indicate some modality in addition to 
futurity (as in "He will make rude remarks", meaning he has a habit of doing so, or, 
"You shall act on my behalf", giving an order). For details of these meanings, see 
the sections on 
will
 and 
shall
 in the article on English modal verbs. 
The form of the 
will/shall
future described above is frequently called the 
simple 
future
(or 
future simple
). Other constructions provide additional auxiliaries that 
express particular aspects: the 
future progressive
(or 
future continuous
) as in "He 
will be working"; the 
future perfect
as in "They will have finished"; and the 
future 
perfect progressive
as in "You will have been practising." For detail on these, see 
the relevant sections of Uses of English verb forms. (For more on expressions of 
relative tense, such as the future perfect, see also the section above.) 
Several other English constructions commonly refer to the future: 

Present tense forms, as in "The train leaves at five," or, "My cousins arrive 
tomorrow." Since these grammatical forms are used more canonically to refer 
to present situations, they are not generally described as future tense; in 

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sentences like those just given they may be described as "present tense with 
future meaning". Use of the present tense (rather than forms with 
will
) is 
mandatory in some subordinate clauses referring to the future, such as "If I feel 
better next week, ..." and "As soon as they arrive, ...". For more details see the 
sections on the simple present, present progressive and dependent clauses in the 
article on English verb forms. 

The 
going-to
 future, e.g., "John is going to leave tonight." 

The construction with a finite form of the copula verb 
be
together with the 
to
-
infinitive, e.g., "John 
is to leave
tonight". (With the zero copula of newspaper 
headline style, this becomes simply "John to leave tonight".) For details see 
am 
to
. 

The construction with 
to be about to
, e.g., "John is about to leave", referring to 
the expected immediate future. (A number of lexical expressions with similar 
meaning also exist, such as 
to be on the point of (doing something)
.) 

Use of modal verbs with future meaning, to combine the expression of future 
time with certain modality: "I 
must
do this" (also 
mun
in Northern English 
dialect); "We 
should
help him"; "I 
can
get out of here"; "We 
may
win"; 
"You 
might
succeed". The same modal verbs are also often used with present 
rather than future reference. For details of their meanings and usage, 
see English modal verbs. 
Questions and negatives are formed from all of the above constructions in the 
regular manner: see Questions and Negation in the English grammar article. The 
auxiliaries 
will
and 
shall
form the contracted negations 
won't
and 
shan't
(they can 
also sometimes be contracted when not negated, to 
'll
, such as in 
I'll find it
). 
The various ways of expressing the future carry different meanings, implying not 
just futurity but also aspect (the way an action or state takes place in time) 
and/or modality (the attitude of the speaker toward the action or state).
[3][7]
 The 
precise interpretation must be based on the context. In particular there is sometimes 
a distinction in usage between the 
will/shall
future and the 
going-to
future 
(although in some contexts they are interchangeable). For more information see 
the 
going-to
 future article. 
Dutch can express the future in three ways:
[8]
 

gaan
+ infinitive: Ik ga het boek lezen (I'm going to read the book). "
Gaan
" is 
a cognate of "to go". 

zullen
+ infinitive: Ik zal het boek lezen (I will/shall read the book). "
Zullen
" is 
a cognate of "shall". 

present tense
+ context or a temporal adverb or clause: 
Hoe lang blijft hij in 
Nederland
? (How long is he staying in the Netherlands?) Its English-language 
equivalent uses the continuous or imperfective aspect. 
Zullen
+ infinitive is more similar to 
shall
than to 
will
. It is used to:
[9]
 

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