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Ali Asker, Tuğba Ünal
known as Borchaly was included in the Kvemo Kartli region in line with the administrative
region division made in Georgia after independence. In sectarian terms, an important part of
the Borchaly Turks is Shia and the rest are Sunni. At present, there is not even one Turkish-
Muslim living in Armenia. The fact that Muslim minorities living in Georgia turn to different
religious communities and sects reinforces the segregation in society. For example, there is
Sunni-Shia segregation among the Borchaly Turks, albeit in small segments. While Salafism
spreads strongly in the Kist community, the Salafi/Wahhabi movement may find supporters
among the other Muslim groups of Georgia.
Another Muslim group living in Georgia are the Kists. The Kists mostly live in villages
in the Pankisi Valley, in the northeast of Georgia, and have a strong traditional community
structure. Today, the traditionalist-innovative discussions continue in the Kist community.
The traditionalists are members of the Qadiriyya or Naqshbandi sect, which has existed in the
Caucasus for a long time. The innovators are those who follow the Salafi/Wahhabi movement.
This segregation has shown its effect on the Kist community, caused a serious transformation
in the belief-based social structure, and also occasionally brought up the Pankisi Valley to the
world agenda in the context of security issues.
The Muslim minority that has the most serious identity problem in Georgia is the Adzhars.
The tendency towards Christianization among the Adzhars is on the increase due to pressure
or incentive. As a result of the religious policies of the Tbilisi administration following the
collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been a substantial decrease in the number of Muslims
in Adzharia. At this point, the Muslim Adzhars are a religious minority not only in Georgia
but also in Adzharia.
One of the Muslim groups that constitute a minority in number in Georgia is the Meskhetian
Turks. The Meskheti region was abandoned to the Russian Empire after the Ottoman-Russian
wars, and remained within the Georgian borders during the period of the Soviet Union. In
1944, the Meskhetian Turks were exiled from their ancestral homeland to Central Asia. In
1956-1991, the Meskhetian Turks continued their struggle to return home and their organisation
activities. One of the conditions of membership of Georgia to the Council of Europe in 1999
was to ensure the return of the Meskhetian Turks. However, this process failed, and very few
Meskhetian Turks migrated to various regions of Georgia.
The issue of Muslim minority is one of the issues that are occasionally added to agenda
and discussed in Turkey-Georgia and Azerbaijan-Georgia relations. Unfortunately, though the
relations between Turkey and Georgia as well as the ones between Azerbaijan and Georgia
have a strategic nature, there are still artificial phobias produced in Georgian society such
as "threat of Turkey", "fear of Turk" and "economic expansionism of Azerbaijanis". The
false propaganda of certain circles in Georgia and the wrong policies implemented by the
Georgian administration on minorities in general play an important role in the emergence
of this situation. It is observed that there are some efforts to dissolve these issues through
bilateral negotiations (i.e., Turkey-Georgia and Azerbaijan-Georgia). On the other hand, thanks
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Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi - Journal of Eurasian Inquiries
Müstəqillik Dövründə Gürcüstanda Milli Dövlət Quruculuğu, İslam Siyasəti Və Regional Əməkdaşlıq
to the development of trilateral cooperation format which brings together all three states on
the same platform today, it will be possible to dissolve the issues in a more optimal and faster
way. Further development of the trilateral cooperation format is of great importance for the
security, economic and social development of the region. Likewise, the meetings in the form
of trilateral cooperation are held, and important documents such as the Trabzon Declaration of
8 June 2012, Batumi Communique of 28 March 2013 and Ganja Declaration of 19 February
2014 were adopted. The last of these meetings was held in Tbilisi on 23 December 2019. In
face of the cooperation developed between Russia, Iran and Armenia, and including certain
claims and threats against the countries in the region, it is extremely important to strengthen
the cooperation line between Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia in terms of regional security and
development. In line with the common interests of all three states, dissolution of the issues
related to minorities, resolution of religious and ethnic disputes and settlement of problems in
this area will be able to raise the Turkey-Azerbaijan-Georgia relations to the level of strategic
cooperation in the true sense of the word.