Azərbaycan Respublikası “ÇAĞ” Öyrətim İşlətmələri

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percent predictability level. Miremadi (1991:39) writes that, "whether translation is 
considered an art or a science, it is, in its modern sense, a by-product of a long history 
of trials and errors, developments, improvements and innovations." 
Baker (1998:4) points out that translation is a separate academic discipline which, 
"like any young discipline, .. needs to draw on the findings and theories of the other 
related disciplines in order to develop and formulate its own methods." 
However, Gabr (2001:2) considers translation both a craft and a science when he 
writes that "translation being a craft on the one hand, requires training, i.e. practice 
under supervision, and being a science on the other hand, has to be based on language 
theories". 
Literary translators, such as Gregory Rabassa in "If This Be Treason" (non-fiction) 
argue convincingly that translation is an art, though he acknowledges that it is teachable. 
Other translators, mostly professionals working on technical, business, or legal docu-
ments, approach their task as a craft, one that can not only be taught but is subject to 
linguistic analysis and benefits from academic study. 
Some people argue that translation is a science. The most typical characteristics 
of a science are precision and predictability. We can call something a science only if 
it has scientific rules that work all the time. In fact, scientific rules are so fixed and 
precise that they are not called rules anymore, but laws. For example, compounding 
two units of hydrogen and one unit of oxygen will always give us water or steam, or 
ice, depending on the temperature. It is worth noting that some sciences, particularly 
those dealing with the humanities, do not achieve a 100-percent predictability level 
as was mentioned above and any theory in those fields must stand up to strict, recurring 
tests to be considered valid (Berkeley, 1991). 
My own view according to different sources is so: Translation is a science in 
the sense that it necessitates complete knowledge of the structure and make-up of 
the two languages concerned. We have to work out the meaning behind the obvious. 
We can`t just replace the separate words of a sentence with words of the target lan-
guage. We have to understand the meaning, the intention of the original author like 
scientists work out the scientific phenomena behind obvious events. 
It is an art since it requires artistic talent to reconstruct the original text in the 
form of a product. We create a translation that native speakers of the target language 
can understand easily. Like composers and painters, translators often find their own 
moods and personalities reflected in their work. The major factor that prevents trans-
lation from being considered an art is that, unlike translators who have to solve a range 
of different problems, the defining factor of an artist's work is esthetics. 
It is craft because there are basic tools we use, such as vocabulary, grammar, all 
the linguistical bones that form the skeleton of a language. We have to know how to 
use these tools like a good craftsman needs to know the use of his tools to produce 
a good result. Newmark (1988b, p.7) describes translation as: "a craft consisting of 

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the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the 
same message and/or statement in another language." 
Translation is also a skill because it entails the ability to smooth over any difficulty 
in the translation. 
Whether translation is regarded as a science, art, or craft, it seems significant to 
note that a good translation should play the same role in the TL as the original did 
in the SL. 
 
 
 
CINEMATOGRAPHY AND TRANSLATION 
Vusale HUSEYNOVA 
4
th
 year student of Translation and Interpretation Department, 
Qafqaz University 
Academic advisor: Sheyda Suleymanova 
 
In the modern life the translation of films is concerned important in terms of 
spreading different cultures. The films are the best way of representation of one 
culture, history and etc. so for that reason the cinematographic art is improved year-
after-year. The film shooting process has passed various stages until today. And 
nowadays high quality technologies are worked out for film making. Note that, the 
translation process is as important as the making process of the films. Today I am 
going to discuss that what makes the perfect translation? Is there any perfect trans-
lation in the film translation area? 
Since we are talking about film translation we should know some important 
points about cinematography. When the history of cinematography began? And how 
important was the role translation in that time? 
Film translation started with silent movies. However, during the era of silent 
movies, translation was relatively easy. The so-called intertitles interrupted the course 
of a film every few minutes, so the target language titles were easily translated and 
put in place of the original ones. The problem of translation arose with the appearance 
of "talkies" in the late 1920s. Initially, the American film companies produced the 
same film in various language versions using the same set and scenario but different 
directors and actors. However, this was a very costly option. Such kind of films had 
poor artistic quality. The problem was solved in France where studios were built 
which began to produce dubbed versions of films instead. 
The interesting point is that why just France? It has two reasons. France did not 
want any other culture to interrupt its culture, second many French speakers believe 
that their language is superior than any other language and hence film translation or 
dubbing is important. 

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There are two ways of film translation. Dubbing and subtitling. 
Dubbing refers to the method in which a foreign dialog is adjusted to the mouth 
and movements of the actor/actress in the film and thus makes it familiar to the 
target audience. Its basic purpose is making the audience feel as if they are listening 
to actors actually speaking the target language. 
Subtitling: Subtitling refers to translation of the films dialog in text form usually 
shown at the bottom of the screen -The text is written in the target language so that 
people understand the movie. 
In the languages of which cultural backgrounds are similar the translation process 
is easier. As you know to express some ideas is difficult depending on the languages. 
Some languages are considered idiomatic languages and so on. And in some languages 
swear words are used more often, but it does not pose a problem for a culture. Another 
problem is the use of culture –bound words in translation. What should be done to keep 
or to translate. Music, poems should be translated or remained as it was in the original? 
I will discuss these 3 problems according my opinions. 
1. Swear words in film translation 
2. Idiomatic sentences in film translation. 
3. Music and poems in film translation 
The client always requires perfect translation. For some it means translate all 
objects. Yes, it is true but translation must be sound as original. Translator must keep 
in mind how often swear words are used in target language. For example in Azeri 
language it is culturally bad to use the swear words, so it is omitted in translation or 
keeping but by using more cultural words as “lenete gelmish” or “lenete gelesen”. 
Some normal sentences are translated in a cultural way in some situations. For 
example: Oscar, why do you get yourself into these situations? Esker ne ucun sen 
hemise ozunu zibile salirsan? 
Idiomatic sentences also pose a problem in film translation. The translator should 
understand the context in order to translate idiomatic sentence and prevent ambiguity. 
in such case translator should work from two originals- the film itself and the written 
script. It is better to keep all contexts as well as idiomatic sentences if possible. In some 
situations simple sentence are translated as idiomatic sentence: for example: 
Because you are so broke (shark tale (sualti qedeshler))-translated as onsuz da 
naxishin yoxdur-you are unlucky. You know that I lived for my sons- sen bilirsen 
menim gozumun agi qarasi olan oglanlarim var. lt's just hard, all right,because l'm a 
little fish in a big pond. Yasamagin cemin tapa bilmirem, men kimem ki! Xirda 
baliq. I want to live the top of the reef- men novostroykalarda yasamaq isterdim. 
Another problem with the translation of films is music and poems. It depends on 
the clients to require translating of music and poem. In some cases music and poem 
are meaningful in terms of film context, so it is better at least to give information about 
music or poems. In some cases music and poems are nor translated but substituted 
in TL. In my opinion it is the better way of translation. Since the music, poems are parts 

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of culture and since they are the product of creativeness they cannot be translated 
properly in TL. But some argue that it is not good in terms of SL. SL culture bound 
elements are polishing in this situation. Nevertheless, due to originality in TL most 
people like this kind of translation. 
 
POETIC  TRANSLATION 
Ülviyyə MUSTAFAYEVA 
Gəncə Dövlət Universiteti 
Xarici Dillər Fakultəsi İngilis Dili 
Elmi rəhbər: Mövsümova Pərvanə 
 
From time immemorial, poetry has been part and parcel of people's lives. It im-
mortalized ancient civilizations through epics such as Gilgamesh, the Illiad, the Iniad, 
Beowolf, pre-Islamic poetry, especially The Mu, alaqat, etc. 
In literature may be translated different things like story, satires, drama, novel, 
etc. But the most difficult one is the translation of poems. The great linguist said: " 
the poetry is non-translatable " 
Poetry, is meant to express the emotions and touch the feelings and depths of 
listeners or readers. It adds something essential to their experiences. The poet, thereofre, 
has to be fully aware of the capacity of language to make his message highly effective. 
The words of the poem surpass their textual denotations; they take new shades of 
meaning dictated by the poetic context. 
When  poems are translated into another language, they become not only flabby 
poems, but rather new ones in a new language. 
Translator of poetry must himself be a poet otherwise he should not dare to square 
the circle! There appeared also other attempts to translate poetry into rhythmic prose. 
And in itself it is also difficult one because every language has its own stress, rhythm 
and rhymester. While translating poem to find the same or alike meaning in the foreign 
language could be very difficult and sometimes impossible. 
A lot of poets write poems with national character and during  the translation it 
is difficult to translate national character to foreign language. But the countries which 
situated in the same geographical place and which have genetic similarity it is  more 
easier to translate the poems to this languages. Geographical long distance and genetic 
distinctions make this hard. That  is why in some cases translation may be general. 
Also the same poem may be translate in the same language different by keeping 
the meaning: 
My Friend the Lump -Translation 
My friend is a fat lump 

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Always with her mouth 
Full: 
Soon she'll be a whale. 
She eats anything, 
Both salty and insipid, 
And has a real sweet tooth 
She isn't satisfied 
With all the food her mother makes 
(Who cooks all day 
To feed her hungry child.) 
She always wants food 
Even when she's half-asleep; 
She doesn't let me suggest 
That she stop to digest. 
She's only interested in 
The next hamburger, 
Spaghetti, macaroni, 
Olives, anchovies, 
Bread, biscuits, cheese+ 
And all that. 
She keeps on eating, 
And she's getting so fat 
It seems to me that she's swelling up 
Like a balloon: I wonder if she'll burst! 
Eating disorder - Literal translation 
My friend's as fat as a cow 
But she goes on eating anyhow; 
There's nothing frail 
About her: she's a whale. 
She'll eat anything and everything, sweet or savoury, it 
Doesn't matter, though pasta's her favourite. 
Her mother has no time to do what she oughta - 
Always cooking for her daughter. 
Her appetite would take some beating: 
She just goes on eating 
Ignoring all suggestions 
About her digestion: 
She binges on cheese, 
And Devon cream teas, 
Mixing her toasties 
With beef, yorkshires, roasties+ 

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And all of that stuff: 
It's never enough. 
Now, she's round as a ball: 
As broad as she's tall; 
If she doesn't stop 
She'll pop. 
There is great difference between literal and simple translation. Literal translation 
is more emotional. When we are translating in the literal way we choose words which 
more emotional, and ones which gives colouring to the sense. But in the simple trans-
lation the words and sense is more simple. 
To conclude, poetry can be translated by those who have deep interest in poetry 
and who possess the poetic feel and sensation, in addition to their mastery of the other 
language. 
With any translation we read we are only viewing a misty image of the originnal, 
through the lens of the translator's mind. 
 
 
 
 
TYPES OF INTERPRETATION 
Nuran MÜRŞÜDZADƏ 
Azərbaycan Müəllimlər İnstitutuç Şəki filialı 
Xarici dil fakultəsi, 109b 
Elmi rəhbəri: Süleymanova Azadə Abdulhəmid 
 
Depending on the size and nature of the meeting different types of interpretation 
will be required, simultaneous or consecutive.  Simultaneous interpretation is 
used more frequently. The interpreters sit in a booth with a clear view of the meeting 
room, listen to the speaker through headphones and interpret the speech as it unfolds, 
i.e. simultaneously, into the other conference languages. This requires high levels of 
concentration and interpreters will therefore need to alternate every 20 to 30 minutes. 
Simultaneous interpretation is ideal for multilingual meetings, events with a large 
number of participants and for the broadcasting media. 
Consecutive interpretation: the interpreter sits at the table with the delegates or 
on the platform next to the speaker and interprets the speech into the required lan-
guage once the speaker has finished speaking. The interpreter takes notes to give an 
accurate rendering of the speech which may be delivered in sections, up to approxima-
tely 15 minutes. Consecutive interpretation is suitable for meetings with fewer lan-
guages or for formal occasions such as dinners, or when it is not possible to install 
technical equipment. 

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Whispering: When only one or two delegates require assistance, the interpreter 
can sit next to them and whisper into the required language. This technique is strenuous 
and tiring for listeners and it is only appropriate for short meetings involving a very 
small number of languages. 
Types of Translation and Interpretation: General translation/interpretation is 
just what you think - the translation or interpretation of non-specific language that does 
not require any specialized vocabulary or knowledge. However, the best translators 
and interpreters read extensively in order to be up-to-date with current events and 
trends so that they are able to do their work to the best of their ability, having know-
ledge of what they might be asked to convert. In addition, good translators and inter-
preters make an effort to read about whatever topic they are currently working on. 
If a translator is asked to translate an article on organic farming, for example, he or she 
would be well served to read about organic farming in both languages in order to 
understand the topic and the accepted terms used in each language. 
Specialized translation or interpretation refers to domains which require at the 
very least that the person be extremely well read in the domain. Even better is training 
in the field (such as a college degree in the subject, or a specialized course in that type 
of translation or interpretation). Some common types of specialized translation and 
interpretation are financial translation and interpretation. 
•  Legal translation and interpretation 
•  Medical translation and interpretation 
•  Scientific translation and interpretation 
•  Technical translation and interpretation 
•  Financial translation and interpretation 
•  Legal translation and interpretation 
•  Literary translation 
Types of Translation: Machine translation: Also known as automatic trans-
lation, this is any translation that is done without human intervention, using software, 
hand-held translators, online translators such as Babelfish, etc. Machine translation is 
extremely limited in quality and usefulness - learn more. 
Machine-assisted translation: Translation that is done with a machine translator 
and a human working together. For example, to translate "honey," the machine trans-
lator might give the options le miel and chéri so that the person could decide which 
one makes sense in the context. This is considerably better than machine translation, 
and some argue that it is more effective than human-only translation. 
Screen translation: Translation of movies and television programs, including 
subtitling (where the translation is typed along the bottom of the screen) and dubbing 
(where the voices of native speakers of the target language are heard in place of the 
original actors). 

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Sight translation: Document in the source language is explained orally in the 
target language. This task is performed by interpreters when an article in the source 
language is not provided with a translation (such as a memo handed out at a meeting). 
Key words: Machine translation, Screen translation, Sight translation, simulta-
neous, consecutive 
REFERENCES: 
1.  Abdul-Raof, Hussin (1998) Subject, Theme and Agent in Modern Standard  Arabic. Richmond: 
Curzon. 
2.  Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words:" A Coursebook on Translation", London: Taylor and Francis 
Limited. 
3.  Bakir, M.j. (1980) Aspect of Clause Structure in Arabic. Unpublished Phd Thesis, Indian 
University. 
4.   Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). Introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold. 
 
 
PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 
Nərmin SOLTANOVA 
Qafqaz university Course IV 
Department: Translation and İnterpretation 
Academic advisor: Sheyda Suleymanova 
 
Always we face some problems in translation. I want to speak about the trans-
lation problems in oral, simultaneous and consecutive translation. We can see some 
particular problems while translating. It will be problems of ambiguity, problems 
that originate from structural and lexical differences between languages and multiword 
units like idioms and collocations. Another problem would be the grammar because 
there are several constructions of grammar poorly understood, in the sense that it 
isn't clear how they should be represented, or what rules should be used to describe 
them.The most problem that we face are: 
1. Idiom terms and neologisms 
2. Unsolved acronyms and abbreviations 
3. Proper name of people, organizations, and places. 
4.  Slang difficult to understand 
5  Respect to punctuation conventions. 
As I mentioned idioms and neologisms sometimes idioms make difficulty for 
translaters.If there is no equivalent of idioms in TL you must explain it in your own 
ssentences that the reader can understand it. It isn't easily to translate a poetry because 
you need to analyse the words and meaning and after the flow and rhythm (or rhyme). 

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Poetry's most translations are bad. This is principally because the translator knows 
the foreign language too well and his or her native language too poorly. Some English 
poetry translations are robotic, do a great disservice to the originals problems. 
This is a brief information about translation problems and now I want to speak 
about the problems which I faced. As you know we translate simultanenous in our 
lab. First time when I translated simultenously I faced some problems.What they are: 
when I translated a text if I could’t chatch a word or didin’t know the meaning I 
stoped and thought what does it mean.But then I felt that I couldn’t translate anything. 
The next time I omit the word which I dont kow an transleted.The second problem 
we must translate fastly and that it matches the actors or speakers mouth movements 
and other images as closely as possible. In simultenous translation it isn’t important 
to translate each sentence give a brief information that’s enough. While simultenous 
translation if you face wilh long sentences to translate it good and catch speed you 
can translate part by part adding more word like belaki,elaki and so on. These prob-
lems I took from my own practices and wanted to write them.