Azərbaycan Respublikası “ÇAĞ” Öyrətim İşlətmələri

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management is an essential element of an organization’s metadata management 
system…”. This is of utmost importance in the field of public statistics. 
Note-taking in consecutive interpreting is a skill to be learned. There is no abstract 
theory about the skill, but there are a wide range of practical principles laid down by 
succeeding generations of consecutive interpreters over time. These principles have 
been made of both empirical studies digging deep into nearly every aspect of the 
skill and research books elaborating main theoretical approaches to it. By no means 
exhaustive, the ambition of this thesis is only to actively, effectively and directly 
contribute to the further research, development and implementation of note-taking 
in consecutive interpreting. The thesis can be seen as an overall picture that helps 
student interpreters to have a general view of fundamental things about the skill and 
also to explore “the shape” of the notetaking in other novices’ points of view. 
This thesis is a methodical investigation into the subject of note-taking in con-
secutive interpreting; a focused and systematic request for information that may go 
beyond generally available knowledge to acquire more in-depth analysis and eluci-
datory comment on the topic. It is a product of a long searching process with a series 
of activities unfolding over time. It involves a number of things such as the collection 
of data, the evaluation of results, and so on. 
STANDARDIZATION OF TERMINOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND 
METHODS 
There are some quite authoritative international organizations, such as IUPAC, 
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which have developed 
domain-specific terminological principles and methods. 
In general, most institutions and organizations of authoritative nature in the 
field of terminology follow the standardized principles and methods of ISO/TC 37, 
which in 2005 extended its scope to “Terminology and other language and content 
resources” to reflect the requirements of today’s globalization and localization in 
our multilingual information society. As terminologies are more often than not 
combined with or embedded in other kinds of content, ISO/TC 37 covers basic prin-
ciples, requirements and methods applied 
- for the management of terminology and as well as language resources (in lan-
guage technology) and content resources of structured content (in content management) 
- in applications, which involve terminology and other language resources as 
well as content resources, such as translation, localization, etc. 
- in systems supporting such applications. 
In addition, thousands of organizations beyond standardization are unifying their 
terminology on a larger or smaller scale. Some of these organizations are highly 
authoritative in their domain. Often they form networks of similar organizations at 
international, regional and national levels. 
Increasingly, the standards of ISO/TC 37 have an impact on the work of other 
technical committees working in the fields of eCommerce, eGovernment, eHealth, 

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eLearning etc. Naturally, the work of these committees has repercussions on the con-
tent of the standards of ISO/TC 37 “Terminology and other language and content 
resources”. 
 
 
PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 
Əsli MƏMMƏDOVA 
Qafqaz universiteti IV course 
Academic advisor: Aziz Çankaya 
 
Anyone who has ever tried to translate between two different languages will 
understand the problems associated with language translation. These problems have 
been bugging translators for years. It is not easy to capture the same meaning when 
translating between two completely different languages. 
Language is a communication tool. It can be used in many different ways to ex-
press either the same idea, or a completely different idea. The problem arises when 
translators attempt to translate word for word. This can be disastrous because the 
context in which the words are used is not taken into consideration. For example, in 
the English language, the word "market" can mean the stock market, or the fish 
market. Simply translating the word market to another language without taking into 
account the context can change the original meaning completely. 
Therefore, the human mind is till required to do a translation job well. But the 
entire translation process can be very time consuming because this means the translator 
has to read the entire text and rewrite everything in a different language. Some trans-
lators have turned to technology for help. They use software to help with the translation.  
Unfortunately, most translation software in the market today cannot accurately 
obtain the semantic meaning of a sentence. So the software has to resort to word for 
word replacement. And as we have just mentioned above, word for word replacement 
does not work for translation services. The translator is better off without the software. 
Here is when another problem arises. 
What happens if a translator fails to understand the meaning of the original text? 
This can happen because of cross cultural differences. For example, the word "dude" 
is used as a friendly term between buddies. There may be no equivalent of the same 
word in another language. So the translator is faced with this problem: What is another 
word that can be used to express the same meaning? Sometimes, there is a close 
substitute. Other times, the translator is not so lucky and has to settle for a word that 
has a totally different meaning. This depends on the language. 
In today's high tech world, the best software translation services are offered by 
the search engines. However, the technology is only meant to translate to a level where 

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the reader can still make out what the passages of text are trying to say. Search en-
gines continue to use such software because it is their role to find and deliver content 
to the end user in the quickest possible manner.  
However, the output generated by such software is still far from decent. The 
reader has to make smart GUESSES JUST TO MAKE OUT WHAT THE TRANS-
LATED TEXT IS TRYING TO SAY. 
The translation problem will solve itself when we are able to understand all things 
spiritually, and communicate without the limitations of our languages. Meanwhile, 
what needs to be clear is clear. 
Humans comprehend little of what our cultures have not prepared us to recognize, 
or what our languages have no tools to express. In such cases, we can only lead step 
by step toward greater knowledge. 
 
 
WHAT QUALITIES ARE REQUIRED TO BE A 
PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATOR? 
Aynur JAFAROVA 
Qafqaz university IV course 
Academic advisor: f.e.n N.Əliyeva 
 
Doing a little casual translation may be not difficult, but, if you want to engage 
in professional translation services, you need to have the following key qualifications: 
an expertise in source and target languages, some basic knowledge of the specific 
branch of science your translation centers on, and much discipline in translation 
practice. 
First of all, if you want to gain competence in professional translation services, 
you need to have an expertise in at least two languages. A good command of the 
source language is the most basic requirement for professional translators to start 
their works. Take E-C translation as an example, before you translate a text into 
Chinese, you need to perfectly understand which the branch of science it belongs to, 
like what the English text is talking about, the associative meaning, including the 
syntactic structures, all the nuances of the stylistic devices, the language tenor and 
mode, and the cultural context of such an English text, etc. Otherwise, it will be im-
possible for you to achieve faithfulness to the source language during the process of 
translation. In addition to a perfect understanding of the source language, you also 
must skillfully master the target language (here it refers to Chinese) so that when you 
are entrusted with a translation task, in order to make your translation totally under-
standable and acceptable to the counterpart experts in such field of science who can 
speak and read only the target language, you can know very well how the text shall 

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be conveyed and organized and what kinds of words and phrases you shall choose to 
use in the target language. To make it short, high proficiency in at least two languages 
is a must foundation for good performance in professional translation services. 
Apart from an expertise in the source and target languages, for those translators 
delivering professional translation services to the clients, a basic knowledge of the 
scientific field the text to be translated is categorized into is a must. Usually, a lan-
guage can be grouped into different genres according to the content and purposes of 
the text. For instance, English can be classified into news English, English for science 
and technology, English used in drama, English used in daily life, etc. As for English 
for science and technology, they may involve the knowledge of different branches of 
scientific learning, such as physics, medicine, computer science, architecture, elec-
tronics, telecommunications, law, and so on. If you have to put theories or scientific 
procedures of a specific branch of science to paper, you need to resort to the specific 
language domain where the words and phrases are at, which may contain technolo-
gical terms that you might have never seen before if you are unfamiliar with such a 
branch of learning. Therefore, professional translation services require that the trans-
lators be equipped with some knowledge of the scientific field to which the translated 
text belongs. 
The last requirement for providing professional translation services is discipline. 
If you want to translate a book from one language to another, it means a lot of com-
mitment, which demands effort necessary for fighting a war. Such a task will become 
a torture for those who are not prepared beforehand. If the book consists of 100,000 
words, suppose you can translate 5000 words on average per day, you need to work 
continuously for twenty days. For those who don't have much experience in profes-
sional translation services, they may work very hard during the first few days, 
engaging a lot of time and efforts, and then they have to rest for a day or two because 
they feel exhausted, but when the due time is round the corner, they might find that 
it would be impossible for them to fulfill the tasks. 
Even some green hand translators are  reluctant to do the job for the first few 
days, imagining that they can accomplish the work in an efficient manner by just 
using the rest of the days. In fact, magic will never occur. Experienced professional 
translators will always make an advance estimation of the average amount of the 
words that they can translate each day, calculate their time in taking care of their 
family routines under those circumstances, make a schedule of the translation task, 
and then try to carry out their plans day by day. In professional translation services, 
it's not just the translator's will to timely accomplish the assigned translation tasks, 
but is concerned with the fact that whether the translator can strictly observe the 
discipline and keep doing translation on a regular day to day basis. 
To sum up, engaging in professional translation services is not as easy as it seems 
to be. But to be precise, to master the languages with maximum efforts, to accumulate 
some professional knowledge by learning some specific branches that your translation 

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work mainly focuses upon and related to, and to develop a good, disciplinary habit 
in doing translation is very important and helpful to your work in the process of 
providing your clients with high-quality professional translation services. 
 
 
ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AND                   
THEIR AZERBAIJAN EQUIVALENTS 
Ulviyya SALAHOVA 
   Pedagogical State University of Azerbaijan, 
Department of Philology, First year course of 108 groups, 
Scientific Leader: Balaxan Huseynov 
 
Phraseological units are the phrases where the meaning of the whole unit is not 
the sum of the meanings of its components but is based upon them and may be un-
derstood from the components. The meaning of the significant word is not too remote 
from its ordinary meanings. 
This meaning is formed as a result of generalized figurative meaning of a free 
word-combination. It is the result of figurative metaphoric reconsideration of a word-
combination. 
To come to one’s sense- to change one’s mind; - fikrini dəyişmək 
To fall into a rage- to get angry; - hirslənmək 
To come home- to hit the mark; - hədəfi vurmag 
Phraseological  units are characterized by the semantic duality. One can’t define 
for sure the semantic meaning of separately taken phraseological units isolated from 
the context, because these word- combinations may be used as free in the direct 
meaning and as phraseological in the figurative meaning 
There are three classification principles of phraseological units. The most popular 
is the synchronic[semantic] classification of phraseological units. In general all 
phraseological units are divided into phraseological fusions, phraseological units and 
phraseological combinations. 
Phraseological  fusion is a semantically indivisible phraseological unit which 
meaning is never influenced by the meanings of its components. 
It means that phraseological fusions represent the highest stage of blending 
together. The meaning of components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the 
whole, by its expressiveness and emotional properties. 
Once in a blue moon- very seldom; - nadir halda 
To cry for the moon- to demand unreal; - mümkün olmayan şeyi arzulamag 
Under the rose- quietly. – sakitcə 

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Sometimes phraseological fusions are called idioms under which linguists under-
stand a complete loss of the inner form. To explain the meaning of idioms is a com-
plicated etymological problem [tit to tat means ‘to revenge,’ but no one can explain 
the meaning of the words tit and tat] 
Phraseological unit is a semantically indivisible phraseological unit the whole 
meaning of which is motivated by the meanings of its components. 
Phraseological  combination [collocation] is a construction or an expression 
in which every word has absolutely clear independent meaning while one of the 
components has a bound meaning. It means that phraseological combinations contain 
one component used in its direct meaning while the other is used figuratively. 
To make an attempt- to try; - çalşmag, cəhd etmək 
To make haste- to hurry; -  tələsimək 
To offer an apology-to beg pardon.- üzr istəmək 
Some linguists who stick to the general understanding of phraseology and refer 
to it communicational units [sentences], define the fourth type of phraseological units. 
Phraseological expression is a stable by form and usage semantically divisible, 
construction, which components are words with free meanings. 
East or West, home is best; - gəzməyə gərib, ölkə ölməyə vətən yaxşı 
Still waters run deep. -  suyun lal axanı, adamın yerə baxanı 
A word is enough to the wise- arifə bir işarə kifayətdir 
Phraseological expressions are proverbs, sayings and aphorisms of famous po-
liticians, writers, scientists and artists. Thay are concise sentences, expressing some 
truth as ascertained by experience of wisdom and familiar to all. They are often me-
taphoric in character and include elements of implicit information well understood 
without being formally present in the discourse. 
As we see, it is impossible to translate phraseological units by the ordinary 
meanings of the words and word – combinations. It is necessary to find their equivalent 
in Azerbaijan. 
 
 
GOOD TRANSLATION: ART, CRAFT, OR SCIENCE? 
Semra GAZIZADE  
Azərbaycan Müəllimlər İnstitutu, Şəki filialı 
Xarici dil fakultəsi, II kurs 
Elmi rəhbəri: Murshudova Ulduz Bashir 
 
According to systematic functional grammar model; language is said to fulfill 
three functions: the ideational macrofunction, the interpersonal macrofunction, the 
textual macrofunction. The textual function is as it is the focus of this study, express 

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the discoursal meaning by drawing on the system and network of THEME to create 
text in actual communicative event. 
This paper attempts to apply thematic structure theory in the translation. Trans-
lator must not underestimate the cumulative effect of thematic choices on the way the 
text is interpreted. 
This present paper shed lights on the importance of taking into account the 
thematic structure of the original text in translation. Based on the following points 
some sentences of Hemingway’s book “The Old Man and the Sea” and its translation 
made by Mr. Najafe Darya Bandary are compared and contrasted to see whether 
they are handled properly in translation or not. 
Translation is definitely a complicated activity. Although much discussion has 
been held as to such question as it is science or art, whether theory in translation, etc. 
it has been widely accepted that translation is an interdisciplinary practice, particularly 
related to the linguistic, so during 1960s and 1970s came the immensely influential 
linguistic turn in translation, which enriched translation study tremendously. 
As a branch of linguistics, Discourse Analysis (DA) also made its valuable 
contribution, including the application of T structure. Since both DA and translation 
have their primary focus on text, the use of DA theory is likely to be very productive. 
Theme and thematic structure of the clause and text play a fundamental role in pro-
ducing the same SL discourse in TL. Theme as the point of departure of the message 
play a pivotal part not only in the text interpretation but also in implication derived 
from the text. 
Modification in theme or thematic structure from SL into TL falls the text foul 
of futile translation at the expense of losing some aspects of SL discourse, and 
herby, necessary to embody knowledge based on the thematic structure of the SL. 
on the one hand it is significant to keep thematic structure (T structure) of the source 
text in the target text; on the other hand, it is also necessary to make some appropriate 
alternation because of the difference between languages. 
Cultural Translation: Culture and intercultural competence and awareness 
that rise out of experience of culture, are far more complex phenomena than it may 
seem to the translator. The more a translator is aware of complexities of differences 
between cultures, the better a translator s/he will be. It is probably right to say that 
there has never been a time when the community of translators was unaware of cul-
tural differences and their significance for translation. Translation theorists have been 
cognizant of the problems attendant upon cultural knowledge and cultural differences 
at least since ancient Rome. Cultural knowledge and cultural differences have been 
a major focus of translator training and translation theory for as long as either has 
been in existence. The main concern has traditionally been with words and phrases 
that are so heavily and exclusively grounded in one culture that they are almost im-
possible to translate into the terms – verbal or otherwise – of another. Long debate 
have been held over when to paraphrase, when to use the nearest local equivalent, 

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when to coin a new word by translating literally, and when to transcribe. All these 
“untranslatable” cultural-bound words and phrases continued to fascinate translators 
and translation theorists. 
The first theory developed in this field was introduced by Mounin in 1963 who 
underlined the importance of the signification of a lexical item claiming that only if 
this notion is considered will the translated item fulfill its function correctly. The 
problem with this theory is that all the cultural elements do not involve just the items, 
what a translator should do in the case of cultural implications which are implied in 
the background knowledge of SL readers? 
The notion of culture is essential to considering the implications for translation 
and, despite the differences in opinion as to whether language is part of culture or 
not, the two notions of culture and language appear to be inseparable. In 1964, Nida 
discussed the problems of correspondence in translation, conferred equal importance 
to both linguistic and cultural differences between the SL and the TL and concluded 
that differences between cultures may cause more severe complications for the 
translator than do differences in language structure. It is further explained that pa-
rallels in culture often provide a common understanding despite significant formal 
shifts in the translation. According to him cultural implications for translation are 
thus of significant importance as well as lexical concerns. 
Nida's definitions of formal and dynamic equivalence in 1964 considers cultural 
implications for translation. According to him, a "gloss translation" mostly typifies 
formal equivalence where form and content are reproduced as faithfully as possible 
and the TL reader is able to "understand as much as he can of the customs, manner 
of thought, and means of expression" of the SL context. Contrasting with this idea, 
dynamic equivalence "tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within 
the context of his own culture" without insisting that he "understand the cultural 
patterns of the source-language context". According to him problems may vary in 
scope depending on the cultural and linguistic gap between the two (or more) languages 
concerned.