Azərbaycan Respublikası “ÇAĞ” Öyrətim İşlətmələri

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which were used such combinations. When you read anything and out of blue see 
the words that together do not give any exact meaning, it is hard enough to understand 
the whole text. If you paid your attention you could see that I used the phrase ‘out 
of blue’, and it is no way related with the colours, the person who doesn’t know this 
idiom may not understand that the real meaning of this is ‘suddenly’. Hope, you can 
see now how important it is to know such specific features of the language during the 
translation. And how can we learn, remember and use these features in our practice? 
Of course, firstly we have to learn them, but it is not sufficient. For using them cor-
rectly it would be better to know where they came from. So the main aim of my work 
to make you acquainted with the history and source of some most used proverbs, 
idioms and phrases. 
Absence makes the heart grow fonder 
Our feeling for those we love increases when we are apart from them. 
In 1604, Shakespeare echoed this sentiment in "Othello" (Act 1, scene ii), when 
Desdemona confessed, "I dote upon his very absence." James Howell, in "Familiar 
Letters" (1650) says that, "Distance sometimes endears friendship, and absence 
sweeteneth it." 
Armed to the teeth 
To be heavily armed. 
This is a pirate phrase originating in Port Royal Jamaica in the 1600's. Having only 
single shot black powder weapons and cutlesses, they would carry many of these 
weapons at once to keep up the fight. 
In addition they carried a knife in their teeth for maximum arms capability. 
Back handed compliment 
A compliment that also insults or puts down at the same time. 
Back-handed is synonymous with left-handed. For example in tennis, a backhand 
stroke is a strike by a right-handed player from the left side of the body. 
The left side of the body has always been deemed sinister. The Latin word for 
left is sinister. Hence, back-handed means round-about, indirect, or devious. 
Break a leg 
A wish of good luck, do well. 
"Break a leg" is sourced in superstition. It is a wish of good luck, but the words 
wish just the opposite. 
It was once common for people to believe in Sprites. Sprites are actually spirits 
or   ghosts that were believed to enjoy wreaking havoc and causing trouble. 
If the Sprites heard you ask for something, they were reputed to try to make the 
opposite happen. Telling someone to "break a leg" is an attempt to outsmart the 
Sprites and in fact make something good happen. Sort of a medieval reverse psychology. 

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Chew the fat 
To talk about unimportant things. 
The Inuit (different from Eskimos) used to chew on pieces of whale blubber 
almost like chewing gum. The blubber took quite a while to dissolve, so it just sort of 
helped pass the time while they were doing something else. 
Some other cultures may have used bacon fat in a similar way. 
Clean bill of health 
To be found healthy. 
This widely used term has its origins in the "Bill of Health", a document issued 
to a ship showing that the port it sailed from suffered from no epidemic or infection 
at the time of departure. 
Clear as a bell 
Clearly understood. 
Bells such as the type used in churches are large and loud. Their sound can be 
heard from a great distance. Bells sound a single, clear note so their sound is distinctive 
and not easily confused. 
Before electric sirens and amplification systems, bells were a valuable means of 
signaling people and alerting of important events like an impending attack. The bell 
and the message intended could be heard clearly over a large area. 
Back in the 1910's, many companies were trying to get into the manufacturing 
and selling one the hottest items around, the phonograph. One of those companies was 
the Sonora Chime Company. 
This company started the Sonora Phonograph Company and used "Clear as a 
Bell" as their slogan, touting the fidelity of their machine's sound reproduction. 
Close, but no cigar 
Nearly achieving success, but not quite. 
Carnival games of skill, particularly shooting games, once gave out cigars as a 
prize. A contestant that did not quite hit the target was close, but did not get a cigar. 
Crocodile tears 
Pretending to cry in an attempt to manipulate or exploit, phony tears 
It was often thought that crocodiles shed tears that slid down into their mouths, 
moistening their food and making it easier for them to swallow. Hence the tears appear 
to be an expression of emotion but are in fact a means to make it easier to swallow 
(possibly the observer). 
Cut from the same cloth 
To be similar, usually in terms of behavior. 
If you're making a suit, the jacket and trousers should be cut from the same piece 
of cloth to ensure a perfect match, since there may be differences in color, weave etc. 

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between batches of fabric. Only if the whole suite is cut from the same piece of cloth 
can we be sure of the match. 
Dressed to a tea 
Well dressed with attention to detail. 
A short way of saying "dressed for a tea" or "dressed to go to a tea". In the Vic-
torian era, high tea was a formal affair. All proper people dressed in appropriate attire. 
Eyes are bigger than your stomach 
When a person wants more than is good for them. 
A person seeing a table piled high with sumptuous food has a tendency to get too 
many and/or too large a portion. Since the problem is brought on by the eyes and a lack 
of reason, the person is portrayed a one whose eyes are bigger than their stomach. 
This statement can indicate that a person is immature or greedy. One who is not 
in control of wants, feelings, or emotions. One who does not consider the needs or 
feelings of those around them. 
Face the music 
To accept the truth. 
Comes from the British military. When someone was court marshaled, there 
would be a military drum squad playing, hence face the music. The term "drummed 
out of the military" came from this practice.... 
Hat trick 
The accomplishment of three successes or wins. 
"Hat trick" originated from the English game of Cricket. The term originally 
referred to a bowler retiring three consecutive batsman with three consecutive balls. 
In the doldrums 
To be depressed or unmotivated. 
Doldrums is the name of a place in the ocean that is located near the equator 
and is characterized by unstable trade winds. A sailing ship caught in the Doldrums can 
be stranded due to lack of wind. 
Living hand to mouth 
To be poor, to have difficulty supporting yourself. 
During the Great Depression and other times of economic scarcity, people often 
did not know when or where the next meal was coming from. In such a case, when 
you get something in your hand that can be eaten, it goes into the mouth immediately: 
ergo "hand to mouth." 
Mind your Ps and Qs 
Behave properly. 
Comes from the early pub days when beer and ale was served in pint and quart 
containers. The tab was kept on a chalkboard used to count the pints and quarts con-
sumed. To watch your Ps and Qs is to control your alcoholic intake and behavior. 

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Once in a blue moon 
To happen only on rare occasions 
Two full moons in the same month are extremely rare, though they do happen. 
A second full moon has come to be called a blue moon. This is apparently because 
the Maine Farmers Almanac used to list the date of first moon in red text, and the 
second moon in blue. 
Rule of thumb 
A basic rule that is usually but not always correct 
Based on the use of ones thumb as a rough measurement tool. Generally correct 
for course measures. 
Most old English measures of distance were based on the body measurements of 
the king -- the length of the foot, inch (thumb tip to first knuckle), cubit (elbow-to-
fingertip), and yard (nose-to-fingertip). 
Strike while the iron is hot 
Act quickly while the opportunity is still available. 
Blacksmiths working iron by hand heat the iron in a fire to red-hot making it 
malleable. The Smith removes the iron from the fire and shapes it with blows from 
a hammer. They need to work quickly before the iron cools. Once the iron is cool, 
it becomes brittle and the opportunity to hammer it into shape has passed. 
Tie the knot 
To get married. 
Some marriage ceremonies actually tie together the wrists of the bride and groom. 
Webster defines "tie" as "to unite in marriage" 
With a grain of salt 
With a healthy dose of skepticism, suspicion, and caution 
Salt is now an inexpensive and readily available commodity. But it was once 
very valuable due to its high demand as a food preservative and relative scarcity. Salt 
is now an inexpensive and readily available commodity. But it was once very valuable 
due to its high demand as a food preservative and relative scarcity. 

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STANDARDIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY 
STANDARDIZATION 
Afaq SULEYMANLI 
Qərb dilləri fakultəsi Kurs II Qrup 319T1 
Elmi rəhbər: Məmmədova Təranə 
 
In order to give a clear definition of interpreting, it is useful to relate it to another 
activity for which interpreting is often mistaken - translation. Translation is a process 
which attempts to establish equivalents between two texts expressed in two different 
languages. These equivalents are, by definition, always dependent on the nature of 
the two texts, on their objectives, on the relationship between the two cultures in-
volved and their moral, intellectual and emotional conditions. What is Interpreting? 
To arrive at a convincing answer to this question, Roderick Jones, a European Union 
senior conference interpreter, did not set up a “standard” definition of 10 interpreting. 
He only stated that interpreting is “immediate oral translation”. Interpreting, just like 
translation, is fundamentally the art of re-expressing. The interpreter listens to a 
speaker in one language, gets the content of what is being said, and then immediately 
verbally re-expresses his or her understanding of the meaning in another language. 
From other angle, Cynthia Roy applied the linguistic approaches of discourse analysis 
to the analytical study of interpreting in her book entitled Interpreting as a discourse 
process. She said, “Interpreting for people who do not speak a common language is 
a linguistic and social act of communication”. That means interpreting is a process 
of conversational exchanges between two primary speakers and through a person 
called interpreter who has knowledge and understanding of the entire communicative 
situation, including fluency in languages, competence in appropriate usage within 
each language, and in managing the cross-cultural flow of talk. It is obvious that 
both interpreting and translation “…consist of understanding an original text, dever-
balizing its linguistic form and then expressing in another language the ideas grasped 
and emotion felt…” however, while translation refers to converting a written text 
from one language into another, interpreting refers to orally converting one spoken 
language into another. Both interpreters and translators are required to have a good 
command of the native language and at least a foreign language, analytical ability, 
high concentration, subject matter knowledge and sensitivity to cultural issues. 
However, there are different sets of indispensable skills for each. While a translator 
must also be sharp writer and skilled editor, it is important for an interpreter to have 
extraordinary listening abilities, exceptionally good memory aided by good note-
taking techniques and excellent public speaking skills. In addition, interpreters must 
have intellectual capacity to immediately transform idioms, colloquialisms and other 
culturally specific references into similar statements that the target audience can 
understand without the using dictionaries and supplemental reference materials. 

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Above all, unlike translators, interpreters have to deal with oral message under 
time constraints without the opportunity of revising, improving or polishing their 
interpretation. For these reasons, many people who see interpreters at work think 
that being an interpreter is extremely demanding and challenging.  Terminology is 
the study of terms and their  use. Terms are words and compound words that are used 
in specific contexts.. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how 
such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture. Terminology 
therefore denotes a more formal discipline which systematically studies the labelling 
or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of 
human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of 
documenting and promoting correct usage. This study can be limited to one language 
or can cover more than one language at the same time (multilingual terminology, 
bilingual terminology, and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms across fields. 
Terminology is also defined by context, the study of terms primarily concerned with 
organizing them by the context in which they are used. These contexts may include: 
Military terminology /Political terminology /Religious terminology /Scientific 
terminology /Technical terminology//Rail terminology. Standards make an enor-
mous and positive contribution to most aspects of our lives. They contribute to the 
three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, environmental and social. 
Standards ensure desirable characteristics of products and services, such as quality, 
environmental impact, user friendliness, safety, reliability, efficiency and interchan-
geability – and at an economical cost. Today’s technical standards largely refer to 
methods, such as management, documentation, translation and localization, termi-
nology work etc.  
Since the accessibility of structured content of all kinds via the Internet, more 
and more content is standardized together with its data structures and metadata. This 
gives rise to the application of standards-based certification methods and schemes 
also to structured content, its creation and maintenance as well as to the tools used 
for handling content. Given the enormous increase of structured content, reliability 
and quality of content is becoming a major concern. Therefore, international standards 
dealing with certification methods and schemes are also applied to the methods and 
processes of content creation and maintenance, the tools used for content creation 
and maintenance, content interoperability and ultimately also to the quality of con-
tent itself. Terminology in its double role as representation of domain knowledge at 
concept level and as a means to access domain-specific information and knowledge. 
There is a terminology component in virtually all standardization and harmonization 
activities. Terminology standardization can be subdivided into two distinct – yet 
complementary – types of standardizing activities :Standardization of terminologies, 
Standardization of terminological principles and methods .Under the requirements of 
global content integration and interoperability both types today are also applied to 
lexicographical data, appellations (i.e. proper names of all kinds) and other kinds of 
structured content. In addition, thousands of organizations beyond standardization 

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are unifying their terminology on a larger or smaller scale. Some of these organiza-
tions are highly authoritative in their domain. Often they form networks of similar 
organizations at international, regional national levels. 
STANDARDIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY STANDARDIZATION 
Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound 
words that are used in specific contexts. Not to be confused with "terms" in colloquial 
usages, the shortened form of technical terms (or terms of art) which are defined within 
a discipline or speciality field. The discipline Terminology studies among other things 
how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture. 
Terminology therefore denotes a more formal discipline which systematically 
studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields 
or domains of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for 
the purpose of documenting and promoting correct usage. This study can be limited 
to one language or can cover more than one language at the same time (multilingual 
terminology, bilingual terminology, and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms 
across fields. 
Terminology is also defined by context, the study of terms primarily concerned 
with organizing them by the context in which they are used. These contexts may 
include: 
•  Military terminology 
•  Political terminology 
•  Religious terminology 
•  Scientific terminology 
•  Technical terminology 
•  Rail terminology 
Standards make an enormous and positive contribution to most aspects of our 
lives. They contribute to the three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, 
environmental and social. Standards ensure desirable characteristics of products 
and services, such as quality, environmental impact, user friendliness, safety, reliabi-
lity, efficiency and interchangeability – and at an economical cost. Today’s technical 
standards largely refer to methods, such as management, documentation, translation 
and localization, terminology work etc. 
Since the accessibility of structured content of all kinds via the Internet, more 
and more content is standardized together with its data structures and metadata. Given 
its enormous increase, reliability and quality of content is becoming a major con-
cern. This gives rise to the application of standards-based certification methods and 
schemes also to structured content, its creation and maintenance as well as to the 
tools used for handling content. 
In the age of “content-driven ICT” a new megatrend in standardization is on its 
way. Given the enormous increase of structured content, reliability and quality of 

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»   IV Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
 
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content is becoming a major concern. Therefore, international standards dealing 
with certification methods and schemes are also applied to 
- the methods and processes of content creation and maintenance 
- the tools used for content creation and maintenance  
- content interoperability 
…and ultimately also to the quality of content itself. Terminology in its double 
role as representation of domain knowledge at concept level and as a means to access 
domain-specific information and knowledge. See Access to Information and Knowledge. 
Terminology standardization can be subdivided agaom into two distinct – yet 
complementary – types of standardizing activities: 
Standardization of terminologies 
Standardization of terminological principles and methods 
Under the requirements of global content integration and interoperability both 
types today are also applied to lexicographical data, appellations (i.e. proper names 
of all kinds) and other kinds of structured content. 
Background to the Thesis 
Interpreting, like playing chess, is a game of problem solving, evaluation, critical 
thinking, intuition and forecasting. Every game is different and each game is a challen-
ge, which requires interpreters, to unceasingly develop knowledge and experience. 
It is disciplined study and repeated practice of many techniques and skills that bring 
victory to the interpreter. Apart from basic requirements of language mastery and 
culture sensitivity, there are quite a few skills that need to be acquired for successful 
interpreting. One of them is note-taking skill. 
Taking notes simply means quickly writing down information as a record or 
reminder. 
However, note-taking might be compared with a move in chess; to understand 
how to make the move is quite easy, but to master it in order to create a winning 
combination of the move and the others is a hard and demanding job. 
STANDARDIZATION OF TERMINOLOGIES 
Nearly every technical body in standardization must standardize its terminology. 
At international level alone possibly more than 200 technical committees are stan-
dardizing their terminologies. Considering that there are often more than hundred 
technical committees each in standards bodies at regional (e.g. CEN, the European 
Committee for Standardization) and national levels, there may well be more than 
3000 committees standardizing terminology world-wide. 
Furthermore, many international, regional or national authorities harmonize ter-
minologies, either in order to clarify certain matters of legal impact or when existing 
unified or standardized terminologies contradict each other. 
OECD, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, in its 
“Data and metadata reporting and presentation handbook” states: “Terminology