Barbar Krallığı

The foundation of feudal relations in the Carolingian state
During the time of Charlemagne, the Frankish Empire, an early feudal state, was on the rise. Twice a year, the most influential landowners gathered in the king's palace for a meeting. With their advice, the king made decisions on various issues - capitularies. Control of local administrative bodies «state was carried out through "messengers" . A military review was held in May, and it was a gathering of royal benefactors. Charlemagne's new military reforms . In today's army, relatively wealthy peasants with 3-4 land shares (mans) could serve. The rest of the yocheul villagers were to join together in a group and give a total of one armed warrior. Thus, not only the dependent, but even the free peasant was excluded from free service, and military service became a privilege of the feudal lords. But behind the external centralization of the empire was its internal weakness. This state, which was created through invasions, was very complex due to its ethnic composition. In addition to the Franks and their subordinate Gallic Germans (Burgundians, Aquitaines, etc.), Charlemagne's empire included Saxons, Frisians, Bavarians, Germans, Thuringians, Langbards, Bucks, Avars, and Celtic tribes. The separate lands of the empire were weakly connected to each other and did not want to submit to the invaders without the rules of military and administrative coercion. That's why Charlemagne himself went to that area every time there was a danger of one degree or another. Over time, it became difficult to subjugate individual tribes. This form of empire, which is an outwardly centralized, but internally unstable political entity, was typical of the early feudal states in Europe (the Ottoman Empire, the Moravian state, etc. in the 10th century). The concentration of political power in the hands of large landowners was one of the factors that led to the bankruptcy and dependence of the peasants. The kings, who could not prevent this process, had to formalize it with special acts. Such cases occur as early as the Merovingian period, but become widespread in the Carolingian period. Its essence is that by special royal decrees officials - counts, centurions and their assistants were not allowed to enter the territory of this or that magnate. The tycoons performed judicial, administrative and police functions in these lands. Such an act was called immunity (lat. Immunitas - immunity). The immunities of a large proprietor usually included: judicial authority in his land; the court-fees and right to receive, which formerly went to the king; to lead the military unit created in his immunity area. The court - the immunist with administrative powers used its rights to seize new land and increase the dependence of the peasants. During the Carolingian period, immunity rights extended to land and people. At the same time, immunity strengthened the freedom of feudal lords from the central government. The development of vassal relations also had an effect on the increase in the political independence of the feudal lords. First, free people who entered into private contractual relations with large landowners acted as vassals. During the Carolingian period, a benefit was granted to a person who became a vassal. A vassal was bound to serve his seigneur loyally, and the seigneur to protect the vassal. A large landowner with a large number of vassals acquired political influence and military power and became independent from the royal administration. In 847, Charles the Great's grandson Daz Karl stated in his Capitulary of Mersel that "every free man must choose his seigneur". Thus, vassalage was the most basic legal form of social relationship. The development of vassalage leads to the formation of a hierarchical structure within the feudal stratum. This, in turn, weakens the central government and strengthens the personal power of the feudal lords. Under the guise of temporary centralization in the empire, the feudalization of local administration took place: the earl, the official of the king, gradually became the seigneur of his district, and the free population of the county became his vassals and dependent peasants.