25
Anthrax
Treatment
TR
E
AT
M
E
N
T
Acute
inhalation, ingestion, or severe
cutaneous anthrax
1st
empiric intravenous antibiotic therapy
Primary options
» ciprofloxacin
: 400 mg intravenously every 8
hours
-or-
» benzylpenicillin sodium
: 2.4 g intravenously
every 4 hours
-or-
» ampicillin
: 3 g intravenously every 6 hours
--AND--
» clindamycin
: 900 mg intravenously every 8
hours
-or-
» linezolid
: 600 mg intravenously every 12
hours
»
In severe cutaneous disease, patients have
accompanying head or neck lesions, extensive
oedema, and signs of systemic involvement.
»
Inhalation, ingestion, or severe cutaneous
anthrax due to the use of
Bacillus anthracis
as
an agent of biological warfare warrants empirical
intravenous antibiotic treatment. Most experts
agree that initial therapy with two or more agents
is reasonable in the face of life-threatening
respiratory illness.
»
The preferred regimen is ciprofloxacin in
combination with either clindamycin or linezolid.
If
B anthracis
is sensitive to penicillin, then
benzylpenicillin or ampicillin can replace
ciprofloxacin in the regimen as the preferred
therapeutic agent.
[60]
»
There is no consensus or evidence to guide
selection of a 3-drug regimen, and the choice
of a two- or three-drug regimen is largely
dependent on individual practitioner preference.
The third drug can be any agent with activity
against
B anthracis
that is not already being
used.
»
The antibiotic regimen is modified once culture
susceptibility data are available.
»
Inhalation anthrax as a result of biological
warfare must be considered penicillin-
resistant until susceptibility testing is complete.
Cephalosporin use should be avoided given
concerns of constitutive and inducible beta-
lactamases in
B anthracis
.
[34]
26
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