Anthrax
Diagnosis
D
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G
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Test
Result
anthrax lethal factor (LF) toxin mass spectrometry
• Serum or plasma samples should be collected for LF testing in all
patients, regardless of the anthrax subtype. Plasma is the preferred
specimen. Pleural fluid may be used in patients with inhalation
anthrax, and ascites fluid may be used in patients with ingestion
anthrax.
[44]
detection of anthrax lethal
factor toxin
biopsy
• Biopsy specimens depend on the clinical presentation.
[44]
• Cutaneous anthrax: a punch biopsy of a papule or vesicle for
histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an alternative
test when cutaneous anthrax is suspected and wound cultures are
negative or cannot be obtained due to a paucity of fluid.
[34]
[48]
• Inhalation anthrax: pleural and/or bronchial biopsies may be collected
for IHC.
• Injection anthrax: tissue biopsy from localised lesion tissue
debridement.
necrosis of the dermis
and epidermis, oedema,
and mild inflammatory
infiltrate on haematoxylin
and eosin stain
(cutaneous anthrax);
detection of B anthracis
antigens in tissues by
immunohistochemical
staining using both B
anthracis cell wall and
capsule monoclonal
antibodies
FBC
• If inhalation anthrax is suspected, a white blood cell count should be
obtained and tracked.
[46]
elevated white blood cell
count
chest x-ray
• In all suspected cases of inhalation or systemic
B anthracis
infection, a chest x-ray should be ordered.
• Findings are not specific but are sensitive;
[34]
[49]
in the anthrax
attacks of 2001, pleural effusions and widened mediastinum were
noted in 70% to 80% of cases.
[46]
[Fig-3]
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