Anthrax Basics [Fig-1]
Pathophysiology B anthracis endospores enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, injection, or most commonly, via a cut or
abrasion. The spores, initially engulfed by macrophages, germinate within these cells to become vegetative
bacteria.
[22]
Vegetative bacteria secrete two exotoxins: oedema toxin and lethal toxin. Oedema toxin
contains oedema factor, a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase responsible for inhibition of neutrophil
function and the massive oedema associated with cutaneous infection.
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
Lethal toxin is a zinc
metalloprotease that stimulates the release of reactive oxygen intermediates and macrophage production
of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1-beta; release of this toxin in
systemic infection can lead to sudden death.
[27]
[28]
[29]
Both exotoxins are plasmid-mediated and binary,
requiring a common binding protein (protective antigen) for entry into the host cell.
Cutaneous anthrax is a consequence of low-level, local spore germination resulting in site-specific oedema
and necrosis. The primary lesion develops 1 to 7 days after inoculation, progressing into a necrotic eschar
accompanied by local oedema within 48 hours.
In ingestion anthrax, ingested spores also cause local disease upon germination, resulting in mucosal
oedema, ulceration, and ascites formation.
[2]
Limited oropharyngeal anthrax can also occur with ingestion
of spores. In these cases, local spore deposition and germination lead to sore throat, dysphagia, cervical
oedema, and local lymphadenitis.
Inhalation anthrax is often more severe and may lead to systemic infection. Inhaled spores are engulfed by
alveolar macrophages and are transported to mediastinal and peribronchial lymph nodes as they germinate.
Triggers responsible for germination are unclear as spores can remain dormant for 2 to 43 days after
exposure.
[7]
B anthracis bacilli subsequently multiply in regional lymph nodes, leading to pulmonary
lymphoedema and haemorrhagic mediastinitis. Haematogenous dissemination results in toxaemia,
septicaemia, and death.
In rare instances, lymphatic or haematogenous spread of
B anthracis may also be a complication
of cutaneous or ingestion anthrax. Systemic disease can result in anthrax meningitis, characterised
by extensive cerebral oedema, inflammatory and haemorrhagic infiltration, and rapid neurological
degeneration.
[30]