Anthrax
Diagnosis
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• Pleural fluid: should be tested for culture and RT-PCR, as well as anthrax LF toxin. Thoracentesis
may be performed in suspected cases of inhalation anthrax if pleural effusions are present and the
blood cultures are negative.
• Biopsy: pleural and/or bronchial biopsies may be collected for IHC.
• CSF: only required for culture and RT-PCR in patients with signs of meningitis (e.g., severe
headache, meningeal signs, altered mental status, seizures).
Ingestion anthrax
• Blood: blood cultures are recommended for culture and RT-PCR.
• Oropharyngeal lesion swabs: should be tested for culture and RT-PCR in patients who have
oropharyngeal lesions.
• Rectal swabs: should be tested for culture and RT-PCR in patients with gastrointestinal anthrax.
• Serum/plasma: an acute serum sample should be taken for serology and to test for anthrax LF
toxin. Convalescent serum samples are recommended. Plasma is the preferred specimen for
anthrax LF toxin testing.
• Ascites fluid: should be tested for culture and RT-PCR, as well as anthrax LF toxin.
• CSF: only required for culture and RT-PCR in patients with signs of meningitis (e.g., severe
headache, meningeal signs, altered mental status, seizures).
Injection anthrax
• Blood: blood cultures are recommended for culture and RT-PCR.
• Serum/plasma: an acute serum sample should be taken for serology and to test for anthrax LF
toxin. Convalescent serum samples are recommended. Plasma is the preferred specimen for
anthrax LF toxin testing.
• Biopsy: tissue biopsy from localised lesion tissue debridement.
• CSF: only required for culture and RT-PCR in patients with signs of meningitis (e.g., severe
headache, meningeal signs, altered mental status, seizures).
If anthrax is suspected, clinical specimens should be collected before starting antibiotic therapy. Full
details of specimen collection, processing, and submission are available from the CDC:
[CDC: recommended specimens for microbiology and pathology for diagnosis of anthrax]
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