Anthrax
Diagnosis
• Serology: evidence of a four-fold rise in antibodies to protective antigen between acute and
convalescent sera, or a four-fold change in antibodies to protective antigen in paired convalescent
sera using quantitative anti-PA immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA testing in an unvaccinated person
• Detection of anthrax lethal factor (LF) toxin in serum or plasma specimens by LF mass
spectrometry
• Immunohistochemistry (IHC): detection of
B anthracis
antigens in tissues by immunohistochemical
staining using both
B anthracis
cell wall and capsule monoclonal antibodies.
Specimens should be sent to a laboratory that deals with high-risk pathogens. A confirmed case meets
clinical criteria and has confirmed laboratory test results.
[1]
Clinical specimens including skin lesion exudates, blood, pleural fluid, CSF, ascites fluid, tissue from a
biopsy, or a rectal swab are all considered suitable; however, the specimen collected depends on the
clinical presentation.
[44]
Cutaneous anthrax
• Lesion swabs: culture and RT-PCR of fluid carefully expressed from a vesicular lesion, eschar, or
ulcer may yield a diagnosis, but manipulation of the lesion can lead to dissemination, so great care
must be taken in obtaining the sample.
[45]
A sample is obtained by unroofing a vesicle with a dry
swab, or with a moistened swab at the base of an ulcer or underneath the eschar.
[46]
Culture of
vesicular fluid in cutaneous anthrax is considered the best diagnostic test, but sensitivity is limited
(60% to 65%).
[47]
• Biopsy: punch biopsy of a papule or vesicle for histopathology and IHC is an alternative test
when cutaneous anthrax is suspected and wound cultures are negative or cannot be obtained
due to a paucity of fluid. Biopsy reveals necrosis of the dermis and epidermis, oedema, and mild
inflammatory infiltrate on haematoxylin and eosin stain.
[34]
[48]
• Serum/plasma: an acute serum sample (i.e., ≤7 days after symptom onset or as soon as possible
after a known exposure) should be taken for serology and to test for anthrax LF toxin. Convalescent
serum samples (i.e., 14-35 days after symptom onset) are recommended. Plasma is the preferred
specimen for anthrax LF toxin testing.
• Blood: only required for culture and RT-PCR in patients with signs of systemic infection (e.g., fever,
tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypotension).
• CSF: only required for culture and RT-PCR in patients with signs of meningitis (e.g., severe
headache, meningeal signs, altered mental status, seizures).
Inhalation anthrax
• Blood: blood cultures are recommended for culture and RT-PCR. Inhalation anthrax does not result
in a pneumonic process; therefore, cultures of sputum samples are not helpful in the diagnosis.
• Serum/plasma: an acute serum sample should be taken for serology and to test for anthrax LF
toxin. Convalescent serum samples are recommended. Plasma is the preferred specimen for
anthrax LF toxin testing.
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