Anthrax
Diagnosis
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• If a patient presents with a history of an occupational exposure and presents with a 2- to 5-day
illness with fevers, sweats, fatigue, non-productive cough, chest discomfort, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea, abdominal pain, headaches, myalgias, and sore throat, suspicion should be high.
Symptoms of congestion and coryza are notably absent.
• Physical examination findings in cases of inhalation anthrax are non-specific and rarely aid in
diagnosis. Decreased breath sounds may suggest characteristic pleural effusions, but clinical signs
of pneumonia are variable or may be lacking.
[34]
• Initial symptoms are followed by rapid cardiopulmonary collapse within 1 to 3 days. The initial
flu-like syndrome can be followed by a brief period of apparent resolution prior to deterioration.
Hypotension is common.
Ingestion anthrax
• This type, of which there are two subtypes (oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal) is exceedingly rare
and is usually reported within the context of an outbreak.
• Patients present with fevers, abdominal pain, ascites, nausea, and vomiting 2 to 5 days after spore
ingestion.
[42]
Oropharyngeal mucosal ulceration or pseudomembrane formation may be additional
manifestations of
B anthracis
spore ingestion.
[43]
Injection anthrax
• This type of anthrax may be difficult to recognise and treat, and the differential includes other
common skin and soft-tissue infections that injection-drug users often develop.
• Injection anthrax has been reported in intravenous heroin users. Anthrax-contaminated heroin may
also be ingested or inhaled (snorted).
• Symptoms of injection anthrax are similar to cutaneous anthrax; however, infection may be deep
under the skin or in the muscle where the drug was injected. Patients typically present with massive
oedema around the injection site often leading to compartment syndrome or necrotising fasciitis.
Necrotic skin lesions may be absent, and complications occur more often. No eschar is apparent,
and pain is often not described.
[18]
Anthrax meningitis
• May complicate any form of anthrax, and may also be a primary manifestation. Primary symptoms
include fever, headache (which is often described as severe), nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.
Meningeal signs (e.g., meningismus), altered mental status, and other neurological signs such as
seizures or focal signs are usually present.
[1]
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