Anthrax Treatment Step-by-step treatment approach The approach to management depends on whether anthrax presents as cutaneous, inhalation, or ingestion
anthrax, or anthrax meningitis. Antibiotics and supportive care (e.g., mechanical ventilation, haemodynamic
support, fluid drainage) are the mainstay of therapy. Antitoxins may be used in some patients.
Mild cutaneous anthrax For mild cases of cutaneous infection, initial therapy with a single oral antimicrobial drug is sufficient. Oral
quinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) and doxycycline are considered equivalent first-
line agents. Doxycycline is usually reserved for patients with allergies to quinolones. In the event of an
allergy to a first-line agent, clindamycin is an acceptable alternative agent. Amoxicillin is an alternative
therapeutic option if the isolate is known to be susceptible to penicillin; however, in anthrax cases related
to biologic terrorism, amoxicillin resistance should be suspected. Once antibiotic susceptibilities are
available, therapy can be completed according to antibiotic sensitivity.
[59]
[60]
Naturally acquired anthrax limited to the skin can be treated for 7 to 10 days,
[2]
unless the infection is due
to biological warfare, where 60 days of treatment is recommended.
[34]
Surgical resection or manipulation is not recommended as disruption of the eschar can lead to
disseminated infection.
[45]
For this reason, care must be taken to help prevent dissemination when
obtaining a skin sample.
Severe cutaneous anthrax Cutaneous anthrax infection may be characterised as severe if it is accompanied by signs of systemic
involvement, extensive oedema, or lesions on the head and neck.
In such cases, ≥2 antimicrobial agents should be given; ≥1 of these drugs should have bactericidal
activity against
Bacillus anthracis and ≥1 of these drugs should be a protein synthesis inhibitor.
Ciprofloxacin plus clindamycin or linezolid is the preferred first-line regimen. If the strain is susceptible
to penicillin, then benzylpenicillin or ampicillin can replace ciprofloxacin. Alternative therapies for
ciprofloxacin, benzylpenicillin, or ampicillin include levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, meropenem, imipenem/
cilastatin, doripenem, or vancomycin. Alternative therapies for clindamycin or linezolid include doxycycline
or rifampicin; chloramphenicol is only indicated if safer alternatives fail.
[60]
There is no consensus or evidence to guide selection of a 3-drug regimen, and the choice of a 2- or 3-
drug regimen is largely dependent on individual practitioner preference. The third drug can be any agent
with activity against
B anthracis that is not already being used.
For initial therapy, intravenous administration is recommended, and therapy can be switched to an
oral regimen once the patient is clinically stable and has received at least 2 weeks of intravenous
antibiotic.
[60]
For severe infection, treatment should be administered until signs and symptoms resolve; 60 days of
therapy is warranted if the infection is a consequence of an act of biological warfare.
[34]
Surgery may be indicated in some patients (e.g., patients with large lesions causing compartment
syndrome).
[60]