Rostral
Caudal
Whisking
Chewing
Breathing
Sniffing
Licking
Sighing
Orofacial and respiratory
movements
Skilled forelimb
movements
Whole-body
movements
Natural
behavior
Reaching
Posture
Jumping
Grasping
Freezing
Locomotion
Orofacial and respiratory
movement repertoire
Body movement repertoire
5N
7N
Amb
Amb
LMC
Phr
Phr
HMC
and
MMC
BRAINSTEM
SPINAL CORD
12N
10N
Motor neurons for execution of behavior
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
FL
HL
a
b
Figure 1
Movement programs regulated by brainstem circuits, and the distribution of motor neurons in the brainstem and the spinal cord
responsible for the regulation of skilled forelimb behaviors, orofacial and respiratory movements, and whole-body movements.
(a) Schematic (not to scale), top-down view of the brainstem. The rostral portion of the scheme contains the cranial motor nuclei 5N,
7N, Amb, 12N, and 10N. The spinal cord (caudal portion of the scheme) contains the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments. The
LMC innervates limb muscles, the MMC innervates axial muscles, and the HMC innervates hypaxial muscles. Cervical motor neurons
innervate FL muscles, and lumbar motor neurons innervate HL muscles. (b) Examples of different behavioral elements of the three
categories covered in this review and some ways in which they can be combined during natural behaviors. Abbreviations: 5N,
trigeminal nucleus; 7N, facial nucleus; 10N, vagus nucleus; 12N, hypoglossal nucleus; Amb, Amb nucleus; FL, forelimb; HL, hindlimb;
HMC, hypaxial motor column; LMC, lateral motor column; MMC, medial motor column; Phr, phrenic motor neurons.
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Circuits Controlling Action Diversification
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connectivity of involved neuronal cell types—skilled forelimb movement, forms of orofacial and
breathing behavior, and full-body locomotion (Figure 1). Recent studies identified specific neu-
ronal populations in the brainstem playing roles in these behaviors, allowing us here to discuss
how these circuit elements and their combined usage regulate and coordinate action diversifica-
tion. The ways in which brainstem circuits regulate functions associated with other behaviors (e.g.,
eye or head movement) and those not related to movement (e.g., sleep) are not covered here.
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