Personality, Cognition, and Social Interaction, ed. N. Cantor and J. F.
Kihlstrom (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum), 60–81; and Wyer, Robert
S., and T. K. Srull (1981), “Category Accessibility: Some Theoretical and
Empirical Issues Concerning the Processing of Social Stimulus
Information,” in Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 1, ed. E.
T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, and M. P. Zanna (Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence
Erlbaum), 161–97.
Some things are chronically accessible:
For an early paper on chronic
accessibility, see Bargh, John A., W. J. Lombardi, and E. Tory Higgins
(1988), “Automaticity of Chronically Accessible Constructs in Person X
Situation Effects on Person Perception: It’s Just a Matter of Time,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55, no. 4, 599–605.
stimuli in the surrounding environment:
There is a huge literature on stimuli
in the environment and spreading activation, but for some classics, see
Anderson, John R. (1983), The Architecture of Cognition (Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press); Collins, Allan M., and Elizabeth F.
Loftus (1975), “A Spreading-Activation Theory of Semantic Processing,”
Psychological Review 82, no. 6, 407–28; and Higgins, Tory E., William
S. Rholes, and Carl R. Jones (1977), “Category Accessibility and
Impression Formation,” Journal of Social Psychology 13 (March), 141–
54. For examples in a consumption context, see Nedungadi, P. (1990),
“Recall and Consumer Consideration Sets: Influencing Choice Without
Altering Brand Evaluations,” Journal of Consumer Research 17, no. 3,
263–76; and Berger, Jonah, and Gráinne M. Fitzsimons (2008), “Dogs on
the Street, Pumas on Your Feet: How Cues in the Environment Influence
Product Evaluation and Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research 45, no.
1, 1–14.
the candy company Mars:
White, Michael (1997), “Toy Rover Sales Soar
into Orbit: Mars Landing Puts Gold Shine Back into Space Items,”
Arizona Republic, July 12A, E1.
Music researchers Adrian North:
North, Adrian C., David J. Hargreaves,
and Jennifer McKendrick (1997), “In-Store Music Affects Product
Choice,” Nature 390 (November), 132.
Psychologist Gráinne Fitzsimons:
Berger and Fitzsimons, “Dogs on the
Street,” 1–14.
people possess core beliefs:
Riker, William, and Peter Ordeshook (1968),
“A Theory of the Calculus of Voting,” American Political Science Review
62, no. 1, 25–42.
Arizona’s 2000 general election:
Berger, Jonah, Marc Meredith, and S.
Christian Wheeler (2008), “Contextual Priming: Where People Vote
Affects How They Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105, no. 26, 8846–49.
Rebecca’s parents paid four thousand dollars:
Details about Rebecca Black
came from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Black
.
Triggers boost word of mouth:
Also see Rosen, Emanuel (2003), Anatomy
of Buzz (London: Profile Books), for a nice related discussion of triggers.
More frequently triggered products:
Berger, Jonah, and Eric Schwartz
(2011), “What Drives Immediate and Ongoing Word-of-Mouth?” Journal
of Marketing, October, 869–80.
analyzed hundreds of New York Times book reviews:
Berger, Jonah, Alan
T. Sorensen, and Scott J. Rasmussen (2010), “Positive Effects of
Negative Publicity: When Negative Reviews Increase Sales,” Marketing
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